Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Western Digital Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Western Digital Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Jun 30, 2023 | Jul 1, 2022 | Jul 2, 2021 | Jul 3, 2020 | Jun 28, 2019 | Jun 29, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2023 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Western Digital Corp. economic profit increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Western Digital Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in warranty accrual.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income (loss).
4 2023 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2023 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income (loss).
7 2023 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Western Digital Corp. NOPAT increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Western Digital Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Western Digital Corp. cash operating taxes increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Invested Capital
Western Digital Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of warranty accrual.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to shareholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of construction-in-process.
7 Subtraction of available-for-sale securities.
| Item | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Western Digital Corp. invested capital increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Cost of Capital
Western Digital Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Series A Convertible Perpetual Preferred Stock | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 28.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 28.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Western Digital Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jun 30, 2023 | Jul 1, 2022 | Jul 2, 2021 | Jul 3, 2020 | Jun 28, 2019 | Jun 29, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Apple Inc. | |||||||
| Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||
| Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||
| Super Micro Computer Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2023 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Western Digital Corp. economic spread ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Economic Profit Margin
Western Digital Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jun 30, 2023 | Jul 1, 2022 | Jul 2, 2021 | Jul 3, 2020 | Jun 28, 2019 | Jun 29, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Revenue, net | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Apple Inc. | |||||||
| Arista Networks Inc. | |||||||
| Cisco Systems Inc. | |||||||
| Super Micro Computer Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-07-01), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-07-02), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-07-03), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-06-29).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2023 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenue, net
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Western Digital Corp. economic profit margin improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |