Financial statement analysis and common stock valuation

Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Quarterly Data

The liabilities and stockholders’ equity reports major classes and amounts of external claims on assets and owners’ capital contributions, and other internally generated sources of capital.

Enterprise Value to FCFF (EV/FCFF)

Free cash flow to the firm is the cash flow available to the Linde plc suppliers of capital after all operating expenses have been paid and necessary investments in working and fixed capital have been made.

• Free Cash Flow to The Firm (FCFF)
• Interest Paid, Net of Tax
• EV to FCFF Ratio, Current
• EV to FCFF Ratio, Historical

Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
Quarterly Data

Measures how efficiently Linde plc generates revenues from its investments in fixed or total assets.

• Long-term Activity Ratios (Summary)
• Net Fixed Asset Turnover
• Total Asset Turnover
• Equity Turnover

Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios

Evaluates revenues and output generated by the Linde plc assets. Operating performance ratios describe the relationship between the Linde plc level of operations and the assets needed to sustain operating activities.

• Short-term Activity Ratios (Summary)
• Inventory Turnover
• Receivables Turnover
• Payables Turnover
• Working Capital Turnover
• Average Inventory Processing Period
• Average Receivable Collection Period
• Operating Cycle
• Average Payables Payment Period
• Cash Conversion Cycle

Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)

CAPM is a theory concentrated with deriving the expected rates of return on risky assets based on the assets’ systematic risk levels. Systematic risk is the variability of returns that is due to macroeconomic factors that affect all risky assets. It cannot be eliminated by diversification.

• Rates of Return
• Variance and Covariance
• Systematic Risk (β) Estimation
• Expected Rate of Return

Cash Flow Statement

The cash flow statement provides information about Linde plc cash receipts and cash payments during an accounting period, showing how these cash flows link the ending cash balance to the beginning balance shown on Linde plc balance sheet.

Aggregate Accruals

Financial reporting quality relates to the accuracy with which Linde plc reported financial statements reflect its operating performance and to their usefulness for forecasting future cash flows.
Aggregate accruals deriving measures of the accrual component of Linde plc earnings.

• Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
• Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio

Analysis of Solvency Ratios
Quarterly Data

Examines Linde plc capital structure in terms of the mix of its financing sources and the ability of the firm to satisfy its longer-term debt and investment obligations.

• Solvency Ratios (Summary)
• Debt to Equity
• Debt to Capital
• Debt to Assets
• Financial Leverage

Dividend Discount Model (DDM)

The dividend discount model (DDM) is a technique for estimating the value of a share of Linde plc common stock issue as the present value of all future dividends.

• Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
• Required Rate of Return (r)
• Dividend Growth Rate (g)

Analysis of Profitability Ratios
Quarterly Data

Measures the income of Linde plc relative to its revenues and invested capital.

• Profitability Ratios (Summary)
• Gross Profit Margin
• Operating Profit Margin
• Net Profit Margin
• Return on Equity (ROE)
• Return on Assets (ROA)

Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)

To calculate EBITDA analysts start with net earnings. To that earnings number, interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are added. EBITDA as a pre-interest number is a flow to all providers of capital.

• Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)
• EV to EBITDA Ratio, Current
• EV to EBITDA Ratio, Historical

Common-Size Income Statement

Income statement components (revenues and expenses) shown as percentage of total sales.