Economic Value Added (EVA)
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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Emerson Electric Co. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Analysis of Geographic Areas
- Enterprise Value to FCFF (EV/FCFF)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Emerson Electric Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | Sep 30, 2015 | Sep 30, 2014 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2019 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The analysis of the annual financial data reveals several key trends in profitability, capital efficiency, cost of capital, and economic profit over a six-year period.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT exhibited fluctuations throughout the years, beginning at 2,212 million USD in 2014, peaking at 2,871 million USD in 2015, then experiencing a significant decline to 1,731 million USD in 2016. The values stabilized somewhat in 2017 at 1,776 million USD, followed by a recovery phase with increases in 2018 and 2019, reaching 2,124 million USD and 2,461 million USD respectively. Overall, the trend indicates variability with a notable dip mid-period and recovery towards the end.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remained relatively stable, fluctuating modestly between approximately 15.9% and 16.4%. It showed a slight downward trend from 15.91% in 2014 to 14.98% in 2015, followed by a gradual increase, peaking at 16.42% in 2018, and a slight reduction to 16.11% in 2019. This stability suggests consistent market and risk expectations over the observed timeframe.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital steadily decreased from 17,628 million USD in 2014 to a low of 15,181 million USD in 2017, representing a reduction in capital employed possibly due to divestitures or efficiency improvements. From 2017 onwards, invested capital began to rise again, reaching 16,266 million USD in 2019. This indicates a possible reinvestment strategy or capital expansion in the latter years.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit figures were negative in most years except 2015. In 2014, economic profit was -593 million USD, turning positive to 276 million USD in 2015, which coincided with the highest NOPAT during the period. However, it sharply declined to -791 million USD in 2016 and remained negative thereafter, though the magnitude of losses decreased over time to -159 million USD in 2019. This pattern underscores challenges in generating returns above the cost of capital, with partial improvement towards the end of the period.
In summary, the company experienced significant volatility in operating profitability and economic profit, with a partial recovery in recent years. While the cost of capital remained relatively constant, the changes in invested capital suggest strategic adjustments in capital management. The persistent negative economic profit, except for one year, points to ongoing difficulties in value creation relative to the cost of capital, albeit with signs of gradual improvement.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Emerson Electric Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in liability for restructuring costs.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings common stockholders.
6 2019 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
7 2019 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
8 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings common stockholders.
9 2019 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
10 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
11 Elimination of discontinued operations.
The analysis of the financial data for the period from September 30, 2014, to September 30, 2019, reveals notable fluctuations in key profitability metrics.
- Net Earnings Common Stockholders
- The net earnings attributable to common stockholders demonstrate variability over the periods considered. Initially, there was an increase from 2,147 million USD in 2014 to a peak of 2,710 million USD in 2015. This was followed by a significant decrease to 1,635 million USD in 2016 and a slight further reduction to 1,518 million USD in 2017. Subsequently, the earnings recovered, rising to 2,203 million USD in 2018 and marginally improving to 2,306 million USD by 2019. This pattern suggests volatility in profitability, with a notable dip in the middle years before recovery in the latter two years.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT shows a similar trend to net earnings, with an increase from 2,212 million USD in 2014 to 2,871 million USD in 2015, followed by a substantial decrease to 1,731 million USD in 2016. Unlike net earnings, NOPAT stabilizes somewhat in 2017 with a slight increase to 1,776 million USD. In the subsequent years, NOPAT rises consistently, reaching 2,124 million USD in 2018 and 2,461 million USD in 2019. This trend indicates a recovery in operating profitability after a period of decline, with steady improvements in the final two years.
Overall, both net earnings and NOPAT experienced a peak in 2015, followed by a decline over the next one to two years, and then a recovery phase from 2017 onward. The recovery in NOPAT appears somewhat stronger and more consistent than that in net earnings. These trends highlight periods of operational challenges and subsequent improvement in financial performance.
Cash Operating Taxes
Emerson Electric Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
- Income Tax Expense
- The income tax expense demonstrated a fluctuating downward trend over the six-year period. Starting at $1,164 million in 2014, it increased to a peak of $1,428 million in 2015. However, from 2015 onwards, the figure declined significantly to $697 million in 2016 and further decreased to $660 million in 2017. The downward trend continued, reaching a low of $443 million in 2018, before showing a modest increase to $531 million in 2019. This pattern suggests variability in taxable income or changes in tax rates, with a notable reduction after 2015 and slight recovery toward 2019.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes followed a similar overall declining trajectory with some variation. Beginning at $1,394 million in 2014, the amount rose to $1,525 million in 2015, indicating higher cash tax payments that year. Subsequently, there was a sharp decline to $782 million in 2016 and a marginal decrease to $766 million in 2017. The downward movement persisted, with taxes dropping to $737 million in 2018 and then declining further to $619 million in 2019. This trend mirrors the reduction observed in income tax expense, possibly reflecting lower taxable income or effective tax management strategies resulting in decreased cash tax obligations over time.
Invested Capital
Emerson Electric Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of product warranty.
5 Addition of liability for restructuring costs.
6 Addition of equity equivalents to common stockholders’ equity.
7 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
8 Subtraction of construction in progress.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases exhibited a non-linear trend over the analyzed periods. It increased from 6,834 million USD in 2014 to peak at 7,624 million USD in 2015, followed by a reduction to 5,137 million USD in 2017. Subsequently, the amount rose again, reaching 6,191 million USD by 2019. This pattern suggests fluctuations in debt management, with a notable decrease in the middle period before a moderate rebound.
- Common Stockholders’ Equity
- Common stockholders’ equity showed a general decline from 10,119 million USD in 2014 to 7,568 million USD in 2016. Thereafter, it increased to 8,947 million USD in 2018, before descending again to 8,233 million USD in 2019. This series of movements indicates some volatility but overall a downward pressure on equity levels during the period.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital steadily decreased from 17,628 million USD in 2014 to a low of 15,181 million USD in 2017. After 2017, it gradually increased to 16,266 million USD by 2019. The downward trend in the initial years followed by a recovery suggests adjustments in the company's capital investment strategy or asset base.
- Overall Observations
- The data reflects a period of financial adjustment, with both liabilities and equity experiencing declines and recoveries at different times. The decrease in invested capital up until 2017, coupled with reduced debt levels in the same period, could indicate an active effort to deleverage or optimize capital structure. Subsequently, the increases in debt and invested capital alongside fluctuating equity values imply dynamic financial management responsive to changing conditions or strategic priorities.
Cost of Capital
Emerson Electric Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 24.50%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 24.50%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Emerson Electric Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | Sep 30, 2015 | Sep 30, 2014 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Boeing Co. | |||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | |||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | |||||||
| GE Aerospace | |||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | |||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | |||||||
| RTX Corp. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2019 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the annual financial data reveals notable fluctuations in economic profit, invested capital, and economic spread ratio over the six-year period.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibited considerable volatility, starting with a negative figure of -$593 million in 2014, turning positive in 2015 to $276 million, and then declining sharply into negative territory again for the subsequent years. Particularly, the profit dropped to -$791 million in 2016 and remained negative, although the magnitude of the loss lessened steadily to -$159 million by 2019. This trend indicates challenges in generating surplus returns above the cost of capital, with some temporary improvement in 2015.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital showed a consistent declining trend from 2014 through 2017, decreasing from approximately $17.6 billion to $15.2 billion. After 2017, a slight recovery is observed, with invested capital rising to about $16.3 billion by 2019. This downward trajectory followed by partial recovery suggests strategic adjustments in the company’s asset base or capital deployment policies during these years.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio, which measures return relative to the cost of capital, reflected a pattern similar to economic profit. It began with a significant negative value of -3.36% in 2014, improved to a positive 1.59% in 2015, and then reverted back to negative values, though the magnitude of the negative spread consistently narrowed from -4.79% in 2016 to -0.98% in 2019. This shrinking negative spread indicates gradual improvement in the company’s return on invested capital, albeit still underperforming against the cost of capital by the end of the period.
Overall, the data depicts a company facing profitability pressures with economic losses through most years, although there are signs of recovery and improvement in both economic profit and economic spread towards 2019. The modest rebound in invested capital after a period of reduction may reflect strategic repositioning or enhanced capital utilization efforts.
Economic Profit Margin
Emerson Electric Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | Sep 30, 2015 | Sep 30, 2014 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Net sales | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Boeing Co. | |||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | |||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | |||||||
| GE Aerospace | |||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | |||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | |||||||
| RTX Corp. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-09-30).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2019 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals fluctuating performance over the reviewed years with several noteworthy trends in key economic metrics.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit shows significant volatility, with negative values in most years except 2015. Starting at a loss of $593 million in 2014, it turned positive to $276 million in 2015, suggesting a temporary improvement. However, it declined sharply again in 2016 to -$791 million and remained negative through 2017, 2018, and 2019, though the losses decreased in magnitude over time, reaching -$159 million by 2019. This trend indicates persistent economic losses, albeit with some reduction in the negative impact in later years.
- Net Sales
- Net sales experienced a downward trend from 2014 to 2016, dropping from approximately $24.5 billion to $14.5 billion. Post-2016, there is a gradual recovery, with sales increasing to about $18.4 billion by 2019. Despite the recovery, sales values in 2019 remained below the levels seen in 2014, indicating incomplete market or revenue restoration.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrors the economic profit trend, starting negative at -2.42% in 2014 and improving to a positive 1.24% in 2015. Subsequently, the margin deteriorated again to -5.45% in 2016 and improved gradually to -0.87% by 2019. This suggests that profitability relative to sales has been challenged but shows a trajectory towards reduced loss margins over time.
Overall, the data reflects a period marked by operational and profitability challenges, with initial declines and losses followed by signs of recovery in sales and incremental improvement in economic profitability metrics towards the end of the period.