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Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Norfolk Southern Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Cash Flow Statement
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Operating Profit Margin since 2005
- Total Asset Turnover since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
Cost of capital2 | ||||||
Invested capital3 | ||||||
Economic profit4 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
Item | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Economic profit | Economic profit is a measure of corporate performance computed by taking the spread between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital, and multiplying by the invested capital. | Norfolk Southern Corp. economic profit decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful accounts.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense on debt = Adjusted interest expense on debt × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
Item | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
NOPAT | Net operating profit after taxes is income from operations, but after removement of taxes calculated on cash basis that are relevant to operating income. | Norfolk Southern Corp. NOPAT decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Cash Operating Taxes
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
Item | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Cash operating taxes | Cash operating taxes are estimated by adjusting income tax expense for changes in deferred taxes and tax benefit from the interest deduction. | Norfolk Southern Corp. cash operating taxes decreased from 2019 to 2020 but then increased from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Invested Capital
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
Item | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Invested capital | Capital is an approximation of the economic book value of all cash invested in going-concern business activities. | Norfolk Southern Corp. invested capital increased from 2019 to 2020 and from 2020 to 2021. |
Cost of Capital
Norfolk Southern Corp., cost of capital calculations
Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Total: |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Total: |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Total: |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
Total: |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
Total: |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
Economic profit1 | ||||||
Invested capital2 | ||||||
Performance Ratio | ||||||
Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
Benchmarks | ||||||
Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
FedEx Corp. | ||||||
Uber Technologies Inc. | ||||||
Union Pacific Corp. | ||||||
United Parcel Service Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Performance ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Economic spread ratio | The ratio of economic profit to invested capital, also equal to the difference between return on invested capital (ROIC) and cost of capital. | Norfolk Southern Corp. economic spread ratio deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |
Economic Profit Margin
Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
Economic profit1 | ||||||
Railway operating revenues | ||||||
Performance Ratio | ||||||
Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
Benchmarks | ||||||
Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
FedEx Corp. | ||||||
Uber Technologies Inc. | ||||||
Union Pacific Corp. | ||||||
United Parcel Service Inc. |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Railway operating revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Performance ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Economic profit margin | The ratio of economic profit to sales. It is the company profit margin covering income efficiency and asset management. Economic profit margin is not biased in favor of capital-intensive business models, because any added capital is a cost to the economic profit margin. | Norfolk Southern Corp. economic profit margin deteriorated from 2019 to 2020 but then improved from 2020 to 2021 exceeding 2019 level. |