Present Value of Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF)
In discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation techniques the value of the stock is estimated based upon present value of some measure of cash flow. Free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) is generally described as cash flows after direct costs and before any payments to capital suppliers.
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Valero Energy Corp. pages available for free this week:
- Statement of Comprehensive Income
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
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Intrinsic Stock Value (Valuation Summary)
Valero Energy Corp., free cash flow to the firm (FCFF) forecast
US$ in millions, except per share data
| Year | Value | FCFFt or Terminal value (TVt) | Calculation | Present value at |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 01 | FCFF0 | |||
| 1 | FCFF1 | = × (1 + ) | ||
| 2 | FCFF2 | = × (1 + ) | ||
| 3 | FCFF3 | = × (1 + ) | ||
| 4 | FCFF4 | = × (1 + ) | ||
| 5 | FCFF5 | = × (1 + ) | ||
| 5 | Terminal value (TV5) | = × (1 + ) ÷ ( – ) | ||
| Intrinsic value of Valero Energy Corp. capital | ||||
| Less: Debt and finance lease obligations, including current portion (fair value) | ||||
| Intrinsic value of Valero Energy Corp. common stock | ||||
| Intrinsic value of Valero Energy Corp. common stock (per share) | ||||
| Current share price | ||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
Disclaimer!
Valuation is based on standard assumptions. There may exist specific factors relevant to stock value and omitted here. In such a case, the real stock value may differ significantly form the estimated. If you want to use the estimated intrinsic stock value in investment decision making process, do so at your own risk.
Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC)
Valero Energy Corp., cost of capital
| Value1 | Weight | Required rate of return2 | Calculation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity (fair value) | ||||
| Debt and finance lease obligations, including current portion (fair value) | = × (1 – ) |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
Equity (fair value) = No. shares of common stock outstanding × Current share price
= ×
=
Debt and finance lease obligations, including current portion (fair value). See details »
2 Required rate of return on equity is estimated by using CAPM. See details »
Required rate of return on debt. See details »
Required rate of return on debt is after tax.
Estimated (average) effective income tax rate
= ( + + + + ) ÷ 5
=
WACC =
FCFF Growth Rate (g)
FCFF growth rate (g) implied by PRAT model
Valero Energy Corp., PRAT model
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
2023 Calculations
2 Interest and debt expense, net of capitalized interest, after tax = Interest and debt expense, net of capitalized interest × (1 – EITR)
= × (1 – )
=
3 EBIT(1 – EITR)
= Net income (loss) attributable to Valero Energy Corporation stockholders + Interest and debt expense, net of capitalized interest, after tax
= +
=
4 RR = [EBIT(1 – EITR) – Interest expense (after tax) and dividends] ÷ EBIT(1 – EITR)
= [ – ] ÷
=
5 ROIC = 100 × EBIT(1 – EITR) ÷ Total capital
= 100 × ÷
=
6 g = RR × ROIC
= ×
=
FCFF growth rate (g) implied by single-stage model
g = 100 × (Total capital, fair value0 × WACC – FCFF0) ÷ (Total capital, fair value0 + FCFF0)
= 100 × ( × – ) ÷ ( + )
=
where:
Total capital, fair value0 = current fair value of Valero Energy Corp. debt and equity (US$ in millions)
FCFF0 = the last year Valero Energy Corp. free cash flow to the firm (US$ in millions)
WACC = weighted average cost of Valero Energy Corp. capital
FCFF growth rate (g) forecast
Valero Energy Corp., H-model
| Year | Value | gt |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | g1 | |
| 2 | g2 | |
| 3 | g3 | |
| 4 | g4 | |
| 5 and thereafter | g5 |
where:
g1 is implied by PRAT model
g5 is implied by single-stage model
g2, g3 and g4 are calculated using linear interpoltion between g1 and g5
Calculations
g2 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (2 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=
g3 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (3 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=
g4 = g1 + (g5 – g1) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
= + ( – ) × (4 – 1) ÷ (5 – 1)
=