Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Biogen Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Income Statement
- Common-Size Income Statement
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
Biogen Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The net operating profit after taxes demonstrates significant fluctuation across the observed periods. Initially, there is a strong upward trend from 2017 to 2019, rising from approximately 2.89 billion to 6.02 billion US dollars. This growth peaks in 2019 followed by a noticeable decline in 2020 to about 4.37 billion, with a more pronounced decrease in 2021 to 1.5 billion, indicating potential challenges impacting profitability in recent years.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remains relatively stable over the five years, maintaining levels around 8.3% initially and slightly decreasing to approximately 7.65% by 2021. This subtle reduction suggests a modest improvement in the firm's capital efficiency or market conditions affecting capital costs.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital shows an overall increasing trend, growing from about 12.48 billion US dollars in 2017 to 13.82 billion in 2021. Although there is a minor dip observed in 2020, the invested capital rebounds in 2021 to levels comparable to prior years, indicating continued investment albeit with some volatility during the period.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibits a pattern similar to NOPAT, with substantial growth from 2017 to 2019, rising from roughly 1.85 billion to 4.85 billion US dollars. This is followed by a decline in 2020 to 3.38 billion and a steep reduction in 2021 to approximately 0.44 billion. The sharp decline in economic profit in 2021, despite relatively stable invested capital, may indicate decreased operational efficiency or increased cost pressures.
- Summary
- The data reveals a peak in operational and economic performance around 2019, followed by a downturn during 2020 and a further significant contraction in 2021. While the cost of capital shows slight improvement, invested capital remains fairly stable with minor fluctuations. The sharp decreases in NOPAT and economic profit in the most recent periods suggest potential issues affecting profitability and value creation within the company.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Biogen Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in reserves for allowances.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring reserve.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Biogen Inc..
5 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Biogen Inc..
8 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income Attributable to Biogen Inc.
- The net income exhibited a rising trend from 2017 to 2019, increasing from approximately 2.54 billion to nearly 5.89 billion US dollars. However, a decline was observed starting in 2020, with net income falling to about 4.00 billion and further decreasing sharply to approximately 1.56 billion US dollars in 2021. This indicates a significant reduction in profitability during the latter years of the period.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT followed a similar trajectory to net income, showing an increase from about 2.89 billion US dollars in 2017 to a peak of approximately 6.02 billion US dollars in 2019. Subsequently, a decline occurred with NOPAT decreasing to roughly 4.37 billion in 2020 and then sharply dropping to around 1.50 billion US dollars in 2021. This pattern signifies a reduction in operating efficiency and effectiveness in generating profit after taxes over the last two years.
- Overall Observations
- Both net income and NOPAT demonstrated growth during the initial three years, suggesting improved financial performance and operational results. The peak in 2019 represents the highest point in profitability within the analyzed period. The subsequent decline in 2020 and more pronounced drop in 2021 highlight challenges or adverse developments affecting profitability and operational outcomes. The data suggests the company experienced a notable downturn in earning capacity and operating profit in the final years.
Cash Operating Taxes
Biogen Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
- Income Tax Expense
- The income tax expense demonstrates a consistent downward trend from 2017 to 2021. Starting at 2,458,700 thousand US dollars in 2017, the expense decreased significantly each year to reach 52,500 thousand US dollars in 2021. The reduction is particularly notable in 2021, where the expense dropped sharply compared to previous years.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes also show a general decline over the analyzed period. Beginning at 2,441,355 thousand US dollars in 2017, these taxes declined steadily year over year, falling to 533,599 thousand US dollars in 2021. The reduction is gradual until 2020, followed by a less steep but still notable decrease in 2021.
- Comparative Analysis
- Both income tax expense and cash operating taxes have followed a downward trajectory, reflecting a possible strategic or operational improvement affecting taxable income or tax planning. The income tax expense decreased more sharply between 2020 and 2021 compared to prior years, whereas cash operating taxes reduced more steadily across the entire timeframe.
Invested Capital
Biogen Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of restructuring reserve.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Biogen Inc. shareholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in progress.
8 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases remained relatively stable from 2017 to 2019, with a slight decrease each year from approximately 6.45 billion US dollars to around 6.44 billion US dollars. However, there was a significant increase in 2020, rising to approximately 7.91 billion US dollars. In 2021, the debt slightly decreased to about 7.69 billion US dollars, indicating a reduction after the peak the previous year.
- Total Biogen Inc. Shareholders’ Equity
- Shareholders' equity showed a consistent upward trend from 2017 to 2019, growing from approximately 12.61 billion US dollars to 13.34 billion US dollars. In 2020, there was a notable decline to about 10.70 billion US dollars. This followed by a modest recovery in 2021, with equity increasing to approximately 10.90 billion US dollars, yet still below the peak levels observed in 2019.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital experienced steady growth from 2017 through 2019, rising from approximately 12.48 billion US dollars to 14.14 billion US dollars. In 2020, invested capital dropped to about 12.63 billion US dollars but rebounded in 2021 to 13.82 billion US dollars. This pattern suggests some disruptions or adjustments during 2020, followed by partial recovery the following year.
Cost of Capital
Biogen Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Notes payable, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Notes payable, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Notes payable, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Notes payable, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Notes payable, including current portion3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Notes payable, including current portion. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Biogen Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit experienced a notable increase from 1,847,402 thousand US dollars in 2017 to a peak of 4,850,995 thousand US dollars in 2019. However, it subsequently declined to 3,383,828 thousand US dollars in 2020 and further sharply dropped to 443,696 thousand US dollars in 2021, indicating a significant reduction in value creation in the most recent year.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a gradual upward trend over the period. It increased from 12,476,129 thousand US dollars in 2017 to 14,142,400 thousand US dollars in 2019. After a decrease to 12,625,400 thousand US dollars in 2020, it rose again to 13,824,500 thousand US dollars in 2021, reflecting fluctuating but overall growing capital allocation.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio exhibited a strong upward trajectory from 14.81% in 2017 to a peak of 34.3% in 2019, highlighting improved efficiency in generating returns above the cost of capital. Nevertheless, the ratio declined to 26.8% in 2020 and dramatically contracted to 3.21% in 2021, signaling a significant erosion in profitability relative to the cost of capital in the latter year.
Economic Profit Margin
Biogen Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenue | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | ||||||
| Amgen Inc. | ||||||
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | ||||||
| Danaher Corp. | ||||||
| Eli Lilly & Co. | ||||||
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | ||||||
| Johnson & Johnson | ||||||
| Merck & Co. Inc. | ||||||
| Pfizer Inc. | ||||||
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | ||||||
| Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Revenue Trend
- The revenue displayed an overall upward trend from 2017 to 2019, increasing from approximately 12.27 billion US dollars to around 14.38 billion US dollars. However, there was a noticeable decline starting in 2020, with revenue falling to roughly 13.44 billion US dollars and further decreasing to about 10.98 billion US dollars in 2021.
- Economic Profit Movement
- Economic profit rose significantly from 2017 through 2019, nearly tripling from about 1.85 billion US dollars to approximately 4.85 billion US dollars. Following this peak, economic profit decreased considerably in 2020 to roughly 3.38 billion US dollars and saw a sharp decline to approximately 444 million US dollars in 2021.
- Economic Profit Margin Analysis
- The economic profit margin trend mirrors the economic profit trajectory, showing considerable growth from 15.05% in 2017 to a high of 33.74% in 2019. Afterward, it decreased to 25.17% in 2020 and sharply dropped to 4.04% in 2021, indicating a significant reduction in profitability relative to revenue.
- Summary of Observations
- The company experienced strong financial performance from 2017 through 2019, characterized by increasing revenue, economic profit, and profit margin. From 2020 onwards, there was a marked decline in both revenue and profitability metrics. The steep fall in economic profit and margin in 2021 suggests challenges impacting operational efficiency or increased costs relative to revenue, leading to substantially reduced economic value generated despite the still substantial revenue base.