Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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3M Co. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Enterprise Value to FCFF (EV/FCFF)
- Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Selected Financial Data since 2005
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Aggregate Accruals
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Economic Profit
3M Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The period between 2017 and 2021 demonstrates fluctuating financial performance as measured by economic profit. Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited an initial increase followed by a decline and subsequent recovery. The cost of capital remained relatively stable throughout the period, while invested capital showed a more substantial increase.
- NOPAT Trend
- NOPAT increased from US$5,388 million in 2017 to US$5,630 million in 2018, representing a modest growth. A significant decrease was then observed in 2019, with NOPAT falling to US$4,679 million. The following year, 2020, saw a recovery to US$5,797 million, and this upward trend continued into 2021, reaching US$6,058 million. This suggests potential operational improvements or changing market conditions impacting profitability.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital experienced a slight decrease from 13.05% in 2017 to 12.91% in 2018. It continued to decline to 12.07% in 2019, before increasing slightly to 12.23% in 2020 and 12.27% in 2021. These fluctuations were relatively small, indicating a consistent cost of funding throughout the analyzed period.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital decreased slightly from US$32,308 million in 2017 to US$31,616 million in 2018. A substantial increase occurred in 2019, reaching US$38,698 million, and continued to rise to US$38,880 million in 2020 and US$39,156 million in 2021. This suggests significant investment in the business during these years, potentially through acquisitions, capital expenditures, or changes in working capital.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit followed a pattern mirroring NOPAT, but influenced by the cost of capital and invested capital. It increased from US$1,173 million in 2017 to US$1,547 million in 2018. A dramatic decline was observed in 2019, with economic profit falling to just US$9 million. A substantial recovery occurred in 2020, reaching US$1,043 million, and continued to US$1,255 million in 2021. The significant drop in 2019 suggests that despite positive NOPAT, the return on invested capital was insufficient to cover the cost of capital. The subsequent increases in economic profit indicate improved capital allocation or increased profitability relative to the cost of capital.
Overall, the period demonstrates a business that experienced fluctuations in profitability and significant investment. While economic profit generally improved from the low point in 2019, it remained below the peak observed in 2018, indicating ongoing opportunities for optimizing capital allocation and enhancing returns.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
3M Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty liabilities.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued restructuring action balances.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to 3M.
7 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
8 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to 3M.
10 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income Attributable to 3M
- The net income exhibits a fluctuating trend over the five-year period. Starting at 4,858 million USD in 2017, it increased to 5,349 million USD in 2018, indicating a positive growth. However, there was a decline in 2019, with net income falling to 4,570 million USD. This downward shift was followed by a recovery in 2020 and 2021, reaching 5,384 million USD and 5,921 million USD respectively, signaling an overall increasing trajectory towards the end of the period.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT shows similar variability with a general upward movement. It rose from 5,388 million USD in 2017 to 5,630 million USD in 2018, before dropping to 4,679 million USD in 2019, reflecting a noticeable dip in operational profitability after taxes. Subsequently, NOPAT recovered significantly in 2020 and 2021, achieving 5,797 million USD and 6,058 million USD respectively. This rebound suggests improved operational efficiency and tax impact post-2019.
- Overall Summary
- Both the net income and NOPAT follow a similar pattern characterized by growth in the early years, a decline in 2019, and a strong rebound in the last two years. The dip in 2019 indicates potential challenges during that period, impacting both profitability and operational returns after taxes. The recovery phase through 2020 and 2021 suggests strategic or market conditions improving, leading to enhanced financial performance. The data implies resilience and a return to growth momentum after a temporary setback.
Cash Operating Taxes
3M Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
The analysis of the provided financial data reveals a notable trend in the company's tax-related figures over a five-year period from 2017 to 2021.
- Provision for Income Taxes
-
This figure shows a significant and consistent decline from 2017 through 2019, decreasing from US$2,679 million in 2017 to US$1,130 million in 2019. The trend then stabilizes somewhat in the following years, with a slight increase to US$1,318 million in 2020 before a marginal decrease to US$1,285 million in 2021.
- Cash Operating Taxes
-
Cash operating taxes exhibit a similar downward pattern initially, falling from US$2,524 million in 2017 to US$1,349 million in 2019. After this period, the figure rises again in 2020 to US$1,585 million and remains relatively stable into 2021 at US$1,557 million. This suggests some recovery or stabilization in cash tax payments following the prior decline.
Overall, both provisions for income taxes and cash operating taxes experienced a marked reduction between 2017 and 2019. Subsequently, from 2020 onward, there appears to be a trend toward stabilization or slight recovery in tax-related expenses, although these amounts have not returned to the higher levels seen in 2017. This pattern could indicate changes in profitability, tax planning strategies, or tax law impacts over the examined period.
Invested Capital
3M Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty liabilities.
6 Addition of accrued restructuring action balances.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to total 3M Company shareholders’ equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of construction in progress.
10 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases increased notably from 15,091 million USD at the end of 2017 to 21,299 million USD by the end of 2019. However, a declining trend is observed afterward, with the total reducing to 19,775 million USD in 2020 and further to 18,317 million USD in 2021. This indicates an initial period of increased leverage followed by a consistent effort to reduce debt and lease obligations over the last two years.
- Total 3M Company Shareholders’ Equity
- Shareholders’ equity showed a downward trend from 11,563 million USD in 2017 to 9,796 million USD in 2018, indicating a reduction in net assets during that period. From 2018 onwards, equity exhibited a recovery and growth, climbing to 10,063 million USD in 2019, then more significantly increasing to 12,867 million USD in 2020 and reaching 15,046 million USD in 2021. This reflects improving retained earnings or capital infusions contributing to the strengthening of the equity base over the latter years.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital was relatively stable between 2017 and 2018, with marginal decrease from 32,308 million USD to 31,616 million USD. In 2019, a considerable increase occurred, bringing the invested capital to 38,698 million USD. This level was maintained with slight increments through 2020 and 2021, totaling 38,880 million USD and 39,156 million USD respectively. This pattern suggests significant new investments or assets acquisition in 2019, followed by stabilization of capital deployment in subsequent years.
- Overall Insights
- The combined analysis suggests a strategic shift over the reported period. After increasing debt levels through 2019, the company appears to focus on deleveraging in 2020 and 2021, coinciding with rising shareholders' equity and steady invested capital. This could imply improved profitability, asset management, or capital restructuring efforts enhancing the company's financial stability and reducing reliance on borrowed funds.
Cost of Capital
3M Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
3M Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The period between 2017 and 2021 demonstrates fluctuating performance in economic profit and the economic spread ratio. Invested capital generally increased over the five-year period, though with some variation.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited volatility during the observed timeframe. It increased from US$1,173 million in 2017 to US$1,547 million in 2018, representing a substantial gain. However, a significant decline occurred in 2019, with economic profit falling to US$9 million. A recovery was then noted in 2020, reaching US$1,043 million, followed by a further increase to US$1,255 million in 2021. This suggests sensitivity to underlying economic conditions or company-specific factors.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital decreased slightly from US$32,308 million in 2017 to US$31,616 million in 2018. A notable increase followed in 2019, reaching US$38,698 million. This level was sustained in 2020 at US$38,880 million, and continued to grow modestly to US$39,156 million in 2021. The overall trend indicates a general expansion of the capital base, despite the initial dip.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio mirrored the fluctuations in economic profit. It rose from 3.63% in 2017 to 4.89% in 2018, coinciding with the increase in economic profit. A dramatic decrease was observed in 2019, with the ratio falling to 0.02%. The ratio recovered to 2.68% in 2020 and further improved to 3.20% in 2021. This indicates a strong correlation between the ratio and the absolute economic profit generated, and suggests that the return on invested capital relative to the cost of capital varied considerably over the period.
The substantial decline in both economic profit and the economic spread ratio in 2019 warrants further investigation to determine the underlying causes. The subsequent recoveries in 2020 and 2021 suggest successful mitigation strategies or favorable market conditions. The increasing invested capital base, coupled with fluctuating economic profit, highlights the importance of monitoring capital allocation efficiency.
Economic Profit Margin
3M Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic profit margin exhibited fluctuations over the five-year period. While economic profit generally increased, the economic profit margin demonstrated a more complex pattern, influenced by changes in adjusted net sales.
- Economic Profit Margin Trend
- The economic profit margin began at 3.71% in 2017, increasing to a peak of 4.71% in 2018. A substantial decline followed in 2019, with the margin falling to 0.03%. The margin recovered somewhat in 2020, reaching 3.23%, and continued to rise modestly to 3.55% in 2021.
- Relationship to Economic Profit
- Economic profit increased from US$1,173 million in 2017 to US$1,547 million in 2018, aligning with the increase in the economic profit margin. Despite a decrease in economic profit to US$9 million in 2019, the adjusted net sales also decreased, resulting in a minimal economic profit margin. The subsequent increase in economic profit to US$1,043 million in 2020 and US$1,255 million in 2021 was accompanied by a gradual increase in the economic profit margin, though it did not return to the levels seen in 2018.
- Impact of Adjusted Net Sales
- Adjusted net sales showed an overall upward trend, increasing from US$31,641 million in 2017 to US$35,386 million in 2021. However, the rate of increase was not consistent. The relatively stable sales figures between 2017 and 2019, coupled with the significant drop in economic profit in 2019, contributed to the dramatic decline in the economic profit margin during that year. The stronger sales growth in 2021 likely supported the modest improvement in the economic profit margin.
The analysis suggests that while the company was generally able to generate economic profit, the efficiency with which sales were converted into economic profit varied considerably. The economic profit margin is sensitive to both economic profit and adjusted net sales, and changes in either can significantly impact the ratio.