Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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3M Co. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Selected Financial Data since 2005
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Assets (ROA) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
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Economic Profit
3M Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2021 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The financial analysis reveals several notable trends over the five-year period ending December 31, 2021.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- NOPAT displayed a fluctuating trend, increasing from $5,388 million in 2017 to $5,630 million in 2018. However, a decline followed in 2019, with NOPAT dropping to $4,679 million. Subsequently, the figure rebounded to $5,797 million in 2020 and further increased to $6,058 million in 2021, surpassing the earlier peak. This suggests an overall recovery and growth in operating profitability after the dip in 2019.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital showed a gradual decrease from 13.04% in 2017 to 12.06% in 2019, implying a reduction in the company’s weighted average cost of financing during these years. Slight increases occurred in 2020 and 2021, settling at 12.22% and 12.26%, respectively. Despite these increases, the cost of capital remained lower than the 2017 level, indicating an overall improved capital cost environment.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital experienced a decline between 2017 and 2018, moving from $32,308 million down to $31,616 million. This was followed by a sharp increase to $38,698 million in 2019, signalling significant investment or capital deployment. Invested capital levels remained relatively stable thereafter, with minor increments recorded in 2020 and 2021, reaching $39,156 million by the end of the period.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited substantial variability. It rose from $1,176 million in 2017 to $1,549 million in 2018, then dramatically declined to just $12 million in 2019, reflecting a near break-even state in value creation relative to cost of capital. Recovery was observed in 2020, with economic profit increasing to $1,045 million, followed by a further increase to $1,257 million in 2021. This pattern indicates fluctuating ability to generate returns above the cost of invested capital, with a notably weak performance in 2019 but strong value creation resuming thereafter.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
3M Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty liabilities.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in accrued restructuring action balances.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to 3M.
7 2021 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
8 2021 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to 3M.
10 2021 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
- Net Income Attributable to 3M
- The net income exhibits a fluctuating trend over the five-year period. Starting at 4,858 million USD in 2017, it increased to 5,349 million USD in 2018, indicating a positive growth. However, there was a decline in 2019, with net income falling to 4,570 million USD. This downward shift was followed by a recovery in 2020 and 2021, reaching 5,384 million USD and 5,921 million USD respectively, signaling an overall increasing trajectory towards the end of the period.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT shows similar variability with a general upward movement. It rose from 5,388 million USD in 2017 to 5,630 million USD in 2018, before dropping to 4,679 million USD in 2019, reflecting a noticeable dip in operational profitability after taxes. Subsequently, NOPAT recovered significantly in 2020 and 2021, achieving 5,797 million USD and 6,058 million USD respectively. This rebound suggests improved operational efficiency and tax impact post-2019.
- Overall Summary
- Both the net income and NOPAT follow a similar pattern characterized by growth in the early years, a decline in 2019, and a strong rebound in the last two years. The dip in 2019 indicates potential challenges during that period, impacting both profitability and operational returns after taxes. The recovery phase through 2020 and 2021 suggests strategic or market conditions improving, leading to enhanced financial performance. The data implies resilience and a return to growth momentum after a temporary setback.
Cash Operating Taxes
3M Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
The analysis of the provided financial data reveals a notable trend in the company's tax-related figures over a five-year period from 2017 to 2021.
- Provision for Income Taxes
-
This figure shows a significant and consistent decline from 2017 through 2019, decreasing from US$2,679 million in 2017 to US$1,130 million in 2019. The trend then stabilizes somewhat in the following years, with a slight increase to US$1,318 million in 2020 before a marginal decrease to US$1,285 million in 2021.
- Cash Operating Taxes
-
Cash operating taxes exhibit a similar downward pattern initially, falling from US$2,524 million in 2017 to US$1,349 million in 2019. After this period, the figure rises again in 2020 to US$1,585 million and remains relatively stable into 2021 at US$1,557 million. This suggests some recovery or stabilization in cash tax payments following the prior decline.
Overall, both provisions for income taxes and cash operating taxes experienced a marked reduction between 2017 and 2019. Subsequently, from 2020 onward, there appears to be a trend toward stabilization or slight recovery in tax-related expenses, although these amounts have not returned to the higher levels seen in 2017. This pattern could indicate changes in profitability, tax planning strategies, or tax law impacts over the examined period.
Invested Capital
3M Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty liabilities.
6 Addition of accrued restructuring action balances.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to total 3M Company shareholders’ equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of construction in progress.
10 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases increased notably from 15,091 million USD at the end of 2017 to 21,299 million USD by the end of 2019. However, a declining trend is observed afterward, with the total reducing to 19,775 million USD in 2020 and further to 18,317 million USD in 2021. This indicates an initial period of increased leverage followed by a consistent effort to reduce debt and lease obligations over the last two years.
- Total 3M Company Shareholders’ Equity
- Shareholders’ equity showed a downward trend from 11,563 million USD in 2017 to 9,796 million USD in 2018, indicating a reduction in net assets during that period. From 2018 onwards, equity exhibited a recovery and growth, climbing to 10,063 million USD in 2019, then more significantly increasing to 12,867 million USD in 2020 and reaching 15,046 million USD in 2021. This reflects improving retained earnings or capital infusions contributing to the strengthening of the equity base over the latter years.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital was relatively stable between 2017 and 2018, with marginal decrease from 32,308 million USD to 31,616 million USD. In 2019, a considerable increase occurred, bringing the invested capital to 38,698 million USD. This level was maintained with slight increments through 2020 and 2021, totaling 38,880 million USD and 39,156 million USD respectively. This pattern suggests significant new investments or assets acquisition in 2019, followed by stabilization of capital deployment in subsequent years.
- Overall Insights
- The combined analysis suggests a strategic shift over the reported period. After increasing debt levels through 2019, the company appears to focus on deleveraging in 2020 and 2021, coinciding with rising shareholders' equity and steady invested capital. This could imply improved profitability, asset management, or capital restructuring efforts enhancing the company's financial stability and reducing reliance on borrowed funds.
Cost of Capital
3M Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
3M Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2021 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data over the five-year period reveals varying trends in key performance indicators. The economic profit shows significant fluctuations, with a peak in 2018 followed by a substantial decline in 2019, before recovering somewhat in the subsequent years.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit increased notably from 1176 million US dollars in 2017 to a high of 1549 million in 2018. However, in 2019, the economic profit sharply decreased to 12 million, indicating a considerable drop in profitability. The metric rebounded in 2020 to 1045 million and further increased to 1257 million in 2021, although it did not return to the peak level seen in 2018.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital exhibited an overall increasing trend during the period. It decreased slightly from 32308 million US dollars in 2017 to 31616 million in 2018, but then showed a substantial jump to 38698 million in 2019. There was a modest incremental growth in both 2020 and 2021, reaching 38880 million and 39156 million respectively. This indicates continued investment or asset growth over the later years.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio aligns closely with the trends in economic profit. Starting at 3.64% in 2017, it rose sharply to 4.9% in 2018. It then declined dramatically to nearly zero (0.03%) in 2019, paralleling the drop in economic profit. Recovery is evident in 2020 and 2021, with the ratio improving to 2.69% and 3.21% respectively, suggesting partial restoration of economic returns relative to capital invested.
Overall, the data indicates a period of volatility in performance around 2019, characterized by a sharp dip in profitability despite an increase in invested capital. Subsequent years demonstrated a recovery trend, although economic profit and spread ratio remained below their earlier peak levels. The invested capital's growth trend suggests ongoing capital deployment, which may support future profitability improvements.
Economic Profit Margin
3M Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | Dec 31, 2017 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net sales | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted net sales | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Boeing Co. | ||||||
| Caterpillar Inc. | ||||||
| Eaton Corp. plc | ||||||
| GE Aerospace | ||||||
| Honeywell International Inc. | ||||||
| Lockheed Martin Corp. | ||||||
| RTX Corp. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2021 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial data reveals several notable trends for the company over the five-year period ending in 2021. Both absolute and relative measures of profitability and sales performance display fluctuations, offering insights into operational efficiency and market dynamics.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit experienced significant variability throughout the period. Starting at 1,176 million US dollars at the end of 2017, it improved to 1,549 million in 2018, indicating enhanced value creation. However, a sharp decline occurred in 2019, dropping to only 12 million, highlighting a period of reduced economic value generation. Recovery began in 2020 with 1,045 million and continued into 2021 with a further increase to 1,257 million. This pattern suggests the company faced considerable challenges in 2019 but was able to rebound in subsequent years.
- Adjusted Net Sales
- Adjusted net sales showed a steady upward trajectory over the five years, rising from 31,641 million US dollars in 2017 to 35,386 million in 2021. Although 2019 saw a slight dip to 31,949 million from 32,869 million in 2018, sales generally recovered and grew, reaching the highest value of the period in 2021. This indicates resilience in revenue generation despite economic profit fluctuations.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin reflected a similar pattern to economic profit, revealing fluctuations in profitability relative to sales. Starting at 3.72% in 2017, it increased to 4.71% in 2018, suggesting improved profitability. A sharp decline followed in 2019 where the margin dropped to nearly zero (0.04%), coinciding with the near elimination of economic profit. The margin then recovered to 3.24% in 2020 and edged higher to 3.55% in 2021, although it did not reach the peak seen in 2018. These movements illustrate volatility in creating economic value relative to sales during the period.
Overall, the data reflects a company that experienced a significant setback in economic profitability in 2019 but managed to restore a substantial portion of its value creation in the following years, supported by steady growth in net sales. The recovery in economic profit margin alongside sales growth suggests improvements in cost management or operational efficiency post-2019, although volatility remains a consideration.