Analysis of Solvency Ratios
Solvency ratios also known as long-term debt ratios measure a company ability to meet long-term obligations.
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- Cash Flow Statement
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Price to FCFE (P/FCFE)
- Selected Financial Data since 2005
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Assets (ROA) since 2005
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Solvency Ratios (Summary)
CVS Health Corp., solvency ratios
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to equity ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to equity ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
| Debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
| Debt to capital ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total debt plus shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to capital ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
| Debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total debt (including operating lease liability) plus shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
| Debt to assets ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total assets. | CVS Health Corp. debt to assets ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
| Debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total assets. | CVS Health Corp. debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
| Financial leverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total assets divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. financial leverage ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Interest coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as EBIT divided by interest payments. | CVS Health Corp. interest coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
| Fixed charge coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as earnings before fixed charges and tax divided by fixed charges. | CVS Health Corp. fixed charge coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Debt to Equity
CVS Health Corp., debt to equity calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to equity1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Equity, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Equity, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Equity, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to equity = Total debt ÷ Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to equity ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to equity ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability)
CVS Health Corp., debt to equity (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Long-term operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | ||||||
| Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to equity (including operating lease liability)1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to equity (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Capital
CVS Health Corp., debt to capital calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity | ||||||
| Total capital | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to capital1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Capital, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Capital, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Capital, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to capital = Total debt ÷ Total capital
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to capital ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total debt plus shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to capital ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability)
CVS Health Corp., debt to capital (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Long-term operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | ||||||
| Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity | ||||||
| Total capital (including operating lease liability) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to capital (including operating lease liability)1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to capital (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total capital (including operating lease liability)
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total debt (including operating lease liability) plus shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Assets
CVS Health Corp., debt to assets calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Total assets | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to assets1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Assets, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Assets, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Assets, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to assets = Total debt ÷ Total assets
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to assets ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total assets. | CVS Health Corp. debt to assets ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability)
CVS Health Corp., debt to assets (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Short-term debt | ||||||
| Current portion of long-term debt | ||||||
| Long-term debt, excluding current portion | ||||||
| Total debt | ||||||
| Current portion of operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Long-term operating lease liabilities | ||||||
| Total debt (including operating lease liability) | ||||||
| Total assets | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Debt to assets (including operating lease liability)1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to assets (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total assets
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total assets. | CVS Health Corp. debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Financial Leverage
CVS Health Corp., financial leverage calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Total assets | ||||||
| Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Financial leverage1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Financial Leverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Financial Leverage, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Financial Leverage, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Total CVS Health shareholders’ equity
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Financial leverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total assets divided by total shareholders’ equity. | CVS Health Corp. financial leverage ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Interest Coverage
CVS Health Corp., interest coverage calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net income attributable to CVS Health | ||||||
| Add: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | ||||||
| Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | ||||||
| Add: Income tax expense | ||||||
| Add: Interest expense | ||||||
| Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Interest coverage1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Interest Coverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Interest Coverage, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Interest Coverage, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Interest coverage = EBIT ÷ Interest expense
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Interest coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as EBIT divided by interest payments. | CVS Health Corp. interest coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Fixed Charge Coverage
CVS Health Corp., fixed charge coverage calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net income attributable to CVS Health | ||||||
| Add: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest | ||||||
| Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax | ||||||
| Add: Income tax expense | ||||||
| Add: Interest expense | ||||||
| Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | ||||||
| Add: Operating lease cost | ||||||
| Earnings before fixed charges and tax | ||||||
| Interest expense | ||||||
| Operating lease cost | ||||||
| Fixed charges | ||||||
| Solvency Ratio | ||||||
| Fixed charge coverage1 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Fixed Charge Coverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | ||||||
| Cigna Group | ||||||
| Elevance Health Inc. | ||||||
| Humana Inc. | ||||||
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | ||||||
| Medtronic PLC | ||||||
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | ||||||
| Fixed Charge Coverage, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | ||||||
| Fixed Charge Coverage, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Fixed charge coverage = Earnings before fixed charges and tax ÷ Fixed charges
= ÷ =
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Fixed charge coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as earnings before fixed charges and tax divided by fixed charges. | CVS Health Corp. fixed charge coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |