Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)
EV to EBITDA Ratio, Current
EV to EBITDA Ratio, Historical

CVS Health Corp., EBITDA calculation

US$ in millions

12 months ended:	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021	Dec 31, 2020	Dec 31, 2019
Net income attributable to CVS Health	8,344)	4,149)	7,910)	7,179)	6,634)
Add: Net income attributable to noncontrolling interest	24)	16)	(12)	13)	(3)
Less: Loss from discontinued operations, net of tax	—)	—)	—)	(9)	—)
Add: Income tax expense	2,805)	1,463)	2,522)	2,569)	2,366)
Earnings before tax (EBT)	11,173)	5,628)	10,420)	9,770)	8,997)
Add: Interest expense	2,658)	2,287)	2,503)	2,907)	3,035)
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT)	13,831)	7,915)	12,923)	12,677)	12,032)
Add: Depreciation and amortization	4,366)	4,247)	4,512)	4,441)	4,371)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)	18,197)	12,162)	17,435)	17,118)	16,403)

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

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Item	Description	The company
EBITDA	To calculate EBITDA analysts start with net earnings. To that earnings number, interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization are added. EBITDA as a pre-interest number is a flow to all providers of capital.	CVS Health Corp. EBITDA decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level.

CVS Health Corp., current EV/EBITDA calculation, comparison to benchmarks

Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Enterprise value (EV)	120,511)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)	18,197)
Valuation Ratio
EV/EBITDA	6.62
Benchmarks
EV/EBITDA, Competitors¹
Abbott Laboratories	19.99
Cigna Group	11.25
Elevance Health Inc.	7.65
Humana Inc.	5.11
Intuitive Surgical Inc.	78.46
Medtronic PLC	15.39
UnitedHealth Group Inc.	15.57
EV/EBITDA, Sector
Health Care Equipment & Services	14.07
EV/EBITDA, Industry
Health Care	18.53

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).

¹ Click competitor name to see calculations.

If the company EV/EBITDA is lower then the EV/EBITDA of benchmark then company is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if the company EV/EBITDA is higher then the EV/EBITDA of benchmark then company is relatively overvalued.

CVS Health Corp., historical EV/EBITDA calculation, comparison to benchmarks

	Dec 31, 2023	Dec 31, 2022	Dec 31, 2021	Dec 31, 2020	Dec 31, 2019
Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions)
Enterprise value (EV)¹	146,035)	151,066)	181,495)	146,595)	154,629)
Earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization (EBITDA)²	18,197)	12,162)	17,435)	17,118)	16,403)
Valuation Ratio
EV/EBITDA³	8.03	12.42	10.41	8.56	9.43
Benchmarks
EV/EBITDA, Competitors⁴
Abbott Laboratories	19.49	15.85	17.42	25.99	21.70
Cigna Group	12.11	8.88	9.06	6.31	8.42
Elevance Health Inc.	10.24	10.26	10.05	7.57	9.05
Humana Inc.	7.33	11.59	11.22	6.91	9.30
Intuitive Surgical Inc.	53.82	41.52	44.54	59.12	37.53
Medtronic PLC	15.28	14.99	24.41	17.92	16.01
UnitedHealth Group Inc.	13.60	15.11	17.39	13.39	13.82
EV/EBITDA, Sector
Health Care Equipment & Services	13.51	13.86	15.20	12.74	12.95
EV/EBITDA, Industry
Health Care	19.08	13.35	13.31	16.61	14.16

Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).

¹ See details »

² See details »

³ 2023 Calculation
EV/EBITDA = EV ÷ EBITDA
= 146,035 ÷ 18,197 = 8.03

⁴ Click competitor name to see calculations.

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Valuation ratio	Description	The company
EV/EBITDA	Enterprise value to earnings before interest, tax, depreciation and amortization is a valuation indicator for the overall company rather than common stock.	CVS Health Corp. EV/EBITDA ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 but then decreased significantly from 2022 to 2023.

CVS Health Corp. (NYSE:CVS)

Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)

Earnings before Interest, Tax, Depreciation and Amortization (EBITDA)

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Current

Enterprise Value to EBITDA Ratio, Historical