Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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- Income Statement
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2014
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2014
- Analysis of Revenues
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Economic Profit
Paycom Software Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2022 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
Over the five-year period, net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited a generally positive trend with some fluctuations. Starting from 172,096 thousand US dollars in 2018, NOPAT increased to 214,806 thousand in 2019, experienced a decline to 176,158 thousand in 2020, then significantly rose to 244,272 thousand in 2021 and further to 297,371 thousand in 2022. This overall increase highlights improving operational profitability despite the dip observed in 2020.
The cost of capital remained relatively stable, fluctuating minimally between 18.47% and 18.53% throughout the period. This consistency indicates a steady risk profile and capital structure cost for the company.
Invested capital showed a persistent and substantial upward trend, rising from 522,609 thousand US dollars in 2018 to 1,478,485 thousand by the end of 2022. This increase reflects significant reinvestment or acquisition activity, potentially to support growth or expansion initiatives.
Economic profit, which measures value creation above the cost of capital, displayed a different pattern. It started at 75,579 thousand in 2018, saw a slight increase to 80,709 thousand in 2019, then dropped sharply to 16,778 thousand in 2020. Modest recoveries occurred in 2021 and 2022, reaching 23,974 thousand and 23,686 thousand respectively. Despite positive NOPAT growth in later years, economic profit remained considerably lower than earlier peaks, suggesting that the returns on the increased invested capital have diminished or are close to the cost of capital.
- Summary of Key Trends:
- - NOPAT demonstrated growth with a temporary decline in 2020, reflecting improved profitability over time.
- - Cost of capital remained stable, indicating consistent financing conditions and risk.
- - Invested capital expanded substantially, implying increased investment or asset base.
- - Economic profit considerably decreased after 2019 and remained low despite rising NOPAT, suggesting that added investments have not yet generated proportional returns above capital costs.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Paycom Software Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
4 2022 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
5 2022 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
6 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
The financial data reveals notable fluctuations and overall growth in key profitability metrics over the five-year period ending December 31, 2022.
- Net Income
-
Net income exhibited an upward trend, increasing significantly from $137,065 thousand in 2018 to $281,389 thousand in 2022. Despite a dip in 2020, when net income fell to $143,453 thousand from $180,576 thousand in 2019, the subsequent years showed robust recovery and growth, particularly with a substantial rise in 2022 to a new high.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
-
NOPAT followed a similar trajectory to net income but on a generally higher scale. It rose from $172,096 thousand in 2018 to $297,371 thousand in 2022. Although there was a decline in 2020, dropping to $176,158 thousand from $214,806 thousand in 2019, the profit metric rebounded strongly in the following years, reaching the peak in 2022. The increases in NOPAT were more pronounced in magnitude compared to net income, indicating increasing operational efficiency or improved core business profitability.
Overall, the data suggests a company experiencing notable profit growth, with a momentary setback in 2020 likely due to specific operational or market challenges during that year. The recovery and growth in NOPAT and net income in 2021 and 2022 demonstrate improved performance and potentially effective strategic or operational adjustments.
Cash Operating Taxes
Paycom Software Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
- Provision for income taxes
- The provision for income taxes showed a general increasing trend from 2018 to 2022. Starting at 37,646 thousand USD in 2018, it increased moderately to 45,511 thousand USD in 2019, then slightly declined to 42,483 thousand USD in 2020. Following this, there was a significant increase to 60,002 thousand USD in 2021, which was further amplified by a substantial rise to 108,189 thousand USD in 2022. This pattern indicates growing income tax obligations over the five-year period, with the most notable escalation occurring in the last two years.
- Cash operating taxes
- Cash operating taxes also exhibited an overall upward trajectory throughout the years analyzed. Initially, it stood at 16,816 thousand USD in 2018 and increased sharply to 24,932 thousand USD in 2019. There was a slight dip in 2020 to 21,299 thousand USD, followed by a recovery to 27,310 thousand USD in 2021. The year 2022 saw a dramatic increase to 112,250 thousand USD, which mirrors the substantial rise observed in the provision for income taxes. This suggests that cash outflows related to operating taxes have grown significantly, particularly in the most recent year.
Invested Capital
Paycom Software Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of deferred revenue.
4 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
5 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
6 Subtraction of construction in progress.
- Total Reported Debt & Leases
- The total reported debt and leases exhibited a relatively stable trend from 2018 through 2021, decreasing slightly from 61,588 thousand USD in 2018 to 58,790 thousand USD in 2020, followed by a marginal increase to 60,067 thousand USD in 2021. In 2022, however, there was a noticeable increase to 70,012 thousand USD, marking a significant rise compared to previous years.
- Stockholders’ Equity
- Stockholders’ equity demonstrated a strong upward progression over the five-year period. Beginning at 334,753 thousand USD in 2018, equity more than doubled to 526,628 thousand USD in 2019 and continued to climb to 655,643 thousand USD in 2020. The growth accelerated thereafter, reaching 893,714 thousand USD in 2021 and further increasing to 1,182,607 thousand USD in 2022. This consistent increase indicates substantial equity growth and strengthening of the company’s financial position.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a continuous and significant rise throughout the entire period. Starting at 522,609 thousand USD in 2018, the invested capital increased by approximately 38.6% to 724,133 thousand USD in 2019 and then continued to expand sharply to 860,024 thousand USD in 2020. The momentum persisted with a considerable jump to 1,189,369 thousand USD in 2021, followed by another substantial increase to 1,478,485 thousand USD in 2022. This trend reflects ongoing investment and expansion activities within the company.
Cost of Capital
Paycom Software Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Long-term debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Paycom Software Inc., economic spread ratio calculation
| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2022 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibited a marked fluctuation over the period under review. Initially, it rose from 75,579 thousand USD in 2018 to reach a peak of 80,709 thousand USD in 2019. Subsequently, there was a significant decline in 2020, with economic profit dropping sharply to 16,778 thousand USD. A partial recovery was observed in 2021, increasing to 23,974 thousand USD, but in 2022, this value slightly decreased to 23,686 thousand USD, remaining relatively stable compared to the previous year.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital showed a continuous upward trajectory throughout the examined years. Starting from 522,609 thousand USD in 2018, it increased robustly to 724,133 thousand USD in 2019 and further expanded to 860,024 thousand USD in 2020. This upward trend accelerated notably in 2021 and 2022, where invested capital reached 1,189,369 thousand USD and 1,478,485 thousand USD, respectively, indicating substantial growth in the company's capital base.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio experienced a pronounced decline over the period. It started at a relatively high level of 14.46% in 2018 and decreased to 11.15% in 2019. This downward trend continued sharply into 2020, dropping to 1.95%. The ratio remained low in 2021 at 2.02% and further decreased to 1.6% in 2022. This suggests a diminishing return on invested capital relative to the cost of capital over time.
- Summary of Trends and Insights
- The company experienced robust growth in invested capital consistently over the five-year period, indicating increased investments or expansion activities. However, economic profit did not follow the same growth pattern; after peaking in 2019, it declined significantly in 2020 and only partially recovered thereafter. The sharp decrease in the economic spread ratio highlights a weakening ability to generate returns above the cost of capital, which could point to declining operational efficiency or increasing capital costs. The divergence between rising invested capital and stagnating or declining economic profit raises potential concerns about capital allocation effectiveness and overall value creation in recent years.
Economic Profit Margin
Paycom Software Inc., economic profit margin calculation
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2022 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
The financial data reveals distinct trends in the company's economic profit, adjusted revenues, and economic profit margin over the analyzed five-year period.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibited a fluctuating trend. Initially, there was an increase from approximately 75.6 million US dollars in 2018 to around 80.7 million US dollars in 2019. This was followed by a sharp decline in 2020 to approximately 16.8 million US dollars. Subsequently, a moderate recovery occurred in 2021, reaching nearly 24.0 million US dollars, with a slight decrease to about 23.7 million US dollars in 2022.
- Adjusted Revenues
- Adjusted revenues displayed consistent and substantial growth throughout the period. The company increased its adjusted revenues from approximately 579.4 million US dollars in 2018 to about 1.391 billion US dollars in 2022, reflecting a strong and sustained expansion of its revenue base.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin showed a marked downward trend. Starting from a relatively high margin of 13.05% in 2018, it decreased to 10.77% in 2019. The margin further dropped significantly to 1.97% in 2020 and remained low, with a slight increase to 2.24% in 2021, followed by another decline to 1.7% in 2022. This indicates that despite revenue growth, the proportion of economic profit relative to revenue diminished considerably over time.
- Overall Insight
- The company experienced robust revenue growth, but this did not translate into proportional gains in economic profit. Economic profit declined sharply after 2019 and stabilized at a much lower level than the initial years. The declining economic profit margin suggests increased costs, investments, or other factors impacting profitability efficiency despite the rising revenues.