Solvency ratios also known as long-term debt ratios measure a company ability to meet long-term obligations.
Solvency Ratios (Summary)
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to equity ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to equity ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to capital ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total debt plus shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to capital ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total debt (including operating lease liability) plus shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to assets ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total assets. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to assets ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total assets. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Financial leverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total assets divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. financial leverage ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Interest coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as EBIT divided by interest payments. | Monster Beverage Corp. interest coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Fixed charge coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as earnings before fixed charges and tax divided by fixed charges. | Monster Beverage Corp. fixed charge coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Equity
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Stockholders’ equity | 8,228,744) | 7,025,041) | 6,566,951) | 5,160,860) | 4,171,281) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to equity1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Equity, Competitors2 | ||||||
Altria Group Inc. | — | — | — | 10.38 | 4.51 | |
Coca-Cola Co. | 1.62 | 1.62 | 1.86 | 2.22 | 2.25 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 2.38 | 2.28 | 2.51 | 3.28 | 2.17 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Debt to Equity, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 5.40 | 5.23 | 5.08 | 6.43 | 4.71 | |
Debt to Equity, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 1.39 | 1.27 | 1.29 | 1.47 | 1.38 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to equity = Total debt ÷ Stockholders’ equity
= 6,468 ÷ 8,228,744 = 0.00
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to equity ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to equity ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability)
Monster Beverage Corp., debt to equity (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Accrued liabilities) | 11,088) | 7,747) | 3,990) | 3,171) | 2,812) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Other liabilities) | 48,459) | 29,586) | 17,389) | 17,342) | 25,651) | |
Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,015) | 38,131) | 22,380) | 21,336) | 29,948) | |
Stockholders’ equity | 8,228,744) | 7,025,041) | 6,566,951) | 5,160,860) | 4,171,281) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to equity (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
Coca-Cola Co. | 1.67 | 1.68 | 1.92 | 2.30 | 2.33 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 2.54 | 2.42 | 2.64 | 3.41 | 2.27 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 5.57 | 5.38 | 5.23 | 6.60 | 4.84 | |
Debt to Equity (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 1.53 | 1.41 | 1.42 | 1.64 | 1.41 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to equity (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Stockholders’ equity
= 66,015 ÷ 8,228,744 = 0.01
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to equity ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Capital
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Stockholders’ equity | 8,228,744) | 7,025,041) | 6,566,951) | 5,160,860) | 4,171,281) | |
Total capital | 8,235,212) | 7,025,839) | 6,567,952) | 5,161,683) | 4,172,766) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to capital1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Capital, Competitors2 | ||||||
Altria Group Inc. | 1.16 | 1.17 | 1.06 | 0.91 | 0.82 | |
Coca-Cola Co. | 0.62 | 0.62 | 0.65 | 0.69 | 0.69 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 0.70 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.77 | 0.68 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 1.31 | 1.26 | 1.57 | 1.66 | 1.59 | |
Debt to Capital, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.82 | |
Debt to Capital, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 0.58 | 0.56 | 0.56 | 0.60 | 0.58 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to capital = Total debt ÷ Total capital
= 6,468 ÷ 8,235,212 = 0.00
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to capital ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total debt plus shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to capital ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability)
Monster Beverage Corp., debt to capital (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Accrued liabilities) | 11,088) | 7,747) | 3,990) | 3,171) | 2,812) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Other liabilities) | 48,459) | 29,586) | 17,389) | 17,342) | 25,651) | |
Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,015) | 38,131) | 22,380) | 21,336) | 29,948) | |
Stockholders’ equity | 8,228,744) | 7,025,041) | 6,566,951) | 5,160,860) | 4,171,281) | |
Total capital (including operating lease liability) | 8,294,759) | 7,063,172) | 6,589,331) | 5,182,196) | 4,201,229) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to capital (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
Coca-Cola Co. | 0.63 | 0.63 | 0.66 | 0.70 | 0.70 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.73 | 0.77 | 0.69 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 1.30 | 1.26 | 1.55 | 1.64 | 1.57 | |
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 0.85 | 0.84 | 0.84 | 0.87 | 0.83 | |
Debt to Capital (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 0.60 | 0.58 | 0.59 | 0.62 | 0.59 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to capital (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total capital (including operating lease liability)
= 66,015 ÷ 8,294,759 = 0.01
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total debt (including operating lease liability) plus shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to capital ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Assets
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Total assets | 9,686,522) | 8,293,105) | 7,804,784) | 6,202,716) | 5,150,352) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to assets1 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Assets, Competitors2 | ||||||
Altria Group Inc. | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.71 | 0.62 | 0.57 | |
Coca-Cola Co. | 0.43 | 0.42 | 0.45 | 0.49 | 0.50 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 0.44 | 0.42 | 0.44 | 0.48 | 0.41 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 0.73 | 0.70 | 0.67 | 0.70 | 0.72 | |
Debt to Assets, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.52 | |
Debt to Assets, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 0.33 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.35 | 0.35 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to assets = Total debt ÷ Total assets
= 6,468 ÷ 9,686,522 = 0.00
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to assets ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt divided by total assets. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to assets ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then deteriorated significantly from 2022 to 2023. |
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability)
Monster Beverage Corp., debt to assets (including operating lease liability) calculation, comparison to benchmarks
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Current finance lease liabilities | 6,449) | 757) | 960) | 799) | 1,485) | |
Noncurrent finance lease liabilities | 19) | 41) | 41) | 24) | —) | |
Total debt | 6,468) | 798) | 1,001) | 823) | 1,485) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Accrued liabilities) | 11,088) | 7,747) | 3,990) | 3,171) | 2,812) | |
Operating lease liabilities (included in Other liabilities) | 48,459) | 29,586) | 17,389) | 17,342) | 25,651) | |
Total debt (including operating lease liability) | 66,015) | 38,131) | 22,380) | 21,336) | 29,948) | |
Total assets | 9,686,522) | 8,293,105) | 7,804,784) | 6,202,716) | 5,150,352) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Debt to assets (including operating lease liability)1 | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.01 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Competitors2 | ||||||
Coca-Cola Co. | 0.44 | 0.44 | 0.47 | 0.51 | 0.51 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 0.47 | 0.45 | 0.46 | 0.49 | 0.43 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 0.74 | 0.71 | 0.69 | 0.72 | 0.74 | |
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.53 | 0.56 | 0.54 | |
Debt to Assets (including Operating Lease Liability), Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 0.37 | 0.35 | 0.35 | 0.39 | 0.36 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Debt to assets (including operating lease liability) = Total debt (including operating lease liability) ÷ Total assets
= 66,015 ÷ 9,686,522 = 0.01
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) | A solvency ratio calculated as total debt (including operating lease liability) divided by total assets. | Monster Beverage Corp. debt to assets ratio (including operating lease liability) deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Financial Leverage
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Total assets | 9,686,522) | 8,293,105) | 7,804,784) | 6,202,716) | 5,150,352) | |
Stockholders’ equity | 8,228,744) | 7,025,041) | 6,566,951) | 5,160,860) | 4,171,281) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Financial leverage1 | 1.18 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.20 | 1.23 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Financial Leverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
Altria Group Inc. | — | — | — | 16.70 | 7.92 | |
Coca-Cola Co. | 3.77 | 3.85 | 4.10 | 4.52 | 4.55 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 5.43 | 5.38 | 5.76 | 6.91 | 5.31 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
Financial Leverage, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 10.18 | 10.01 | 9.79 | 11.83 | 9.05 | |
Financial Leverage, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 4.16 | 3.98 | 4.02 | 4.18 | 3.88 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Financial leverage = Total assets ÷ Stockholders’ equity
= 9,686,522 ÷ 8,228,744 = 1.18
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Financial leverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as total assets divided by total shareholders’ equity. | Monster Beverage Corp. financial leverage ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Interest Coverage
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Net income | 1,630,988) | 1,191,624) | 1,377,475) | 1,409,594) | 1,107,835) | |
Add: Income tax expense | 437,494) | 380,340) | 423,944) | 216,563) | 308,127) | |
Add: Interest on finance lease liabilities | 255) | 24) | 19) | 39) | 56) | |
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | 2,068,737) | 1,571,988) | 1,801,438) | 1,626,196) | 1,416,018) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Interest coverage1 | 8,112.69 | 65,499.50 | 94,812.53 | 41,697.33 | 25,286.04 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Interest Coverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
Altria Group Inc. | 10.51 | 7.55 | 4.22 | 6.63 | 1.58 | |
Coca-Cola Co. | 9.48 | 14.25 | 8.78 | 7.78 | 12.40 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 8.95 | 10.57 | 5.94 | 8.24 | 9.20 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 7.95 | 16.33 | 17.80 | 16.07 | 13.59 | |
Interest Coverage, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 9.14 | 11.66 | 7.98 | 8.90 | 8.36 | |
Interest Coverage, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 11.17 | 14.75 | 10.38 | 10.85 | 8.42 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Interest coverage = EBIT ÷ Interest expense
= 2,068,737 ÷ 255 = 8,112.69
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Interest coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as EBIT divided by interest payments. | Monster Beverage Corp. interest coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Fixed Charge Coverage
Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | ||||||
Net income | 1,630,988) | 1,191,624) | 1,377,475) | 1,409,594) | 1,107,835) | |
Add: Income tax expense | 437,494) | 380,340) | 423,944) | 216,563) | 308,127) | |
Add: Interest on finance lease liabilities | 255) | 24) | 19) | 39) | 56) | |
Earnings before interest and tax (EBIT) | 2,068,737) | 1,571,988) | 1,801,438) | 1,626,196) | 1,416,018) | |
Add: Operating lease cost | 12,060) | 8,641) | 4,614) | 4,637) | 4,899) | |
Earnings before fixed charges and tax | 2,080,797) | 1,580,629) | 1,806,052) | 1,630,833) | 1,420,917) | |
Interest on finance lease liabilities | 255) | 24) | 19) | 39) | 56) | |
Operating lease cost | 12,060) | 8,641) | 4,614) | 4,637) | 4,899) | |
Fixed charges | 12,315) | 8,665) | 4,633) | 4,676) | 4,955) | |
Solvency Ratio | ||||||
Fixed charge coverage1 | 168.96 | 182.42 | 389.82 | 348.77 | 286.76 | |
Benchmarks | ||||||
Fixed Charge Coverage, Competitors2 | ||||||
Coca-Cola Co. | 7.73 | 10.14 | 7.41 | 6.45 | 9.47 | |
PepsiCo Inc. | 6.43 | 7.28 | 4.85 | 6.06 | 6.79 | |
Philip Morris International Inc. | 6.92 | 12.59 | 13.43 | 11.50 | 9.88 | |
Fixed Charge Coverage, Sector | ||||||
Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 7.59 | 9.10 | 6.76 | 7.27 | 6.79 | |
Fixed Charge Coverage, Industry | ||||||
Consumer Staples | 7.52 | 9.05 | 7.08 | 7.09 | 5.35 |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Fixed charge coverage = Earnings before fixed charges and tax ÷ Fixed charges
= 2,080,797 ÷ 12,315 = 168.96
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
Solvency ratio | Description | The company |
---|---|---|
Fixed charge coverage ratio | A solvency ratio calculated as earnings before fixed charges and tax divided by fixed charges. | Monster Beverage Corp. fixed charge coverage ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |