Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Air Products & Chemicals Inc., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in thousands
| Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | Sep 30, 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | |||||||
| Total assets | 25,168,500) | 18,942,800) | 19,178,300) | 18,467,200) | 18,055,300) | 17,438,100) | |
| Less: Cash and cash items | 5,253,000) | 2,248,700) | 2,791,300) | 3,273,600) | 1,501,300) | 206,400) | |
| Less: Short-term investments | 1,104,900) | 166,000) | 184,700) | 404,000) | —) | —) | |
| Operating assets | 18,810,600) | 16,528,100) | 16,202,300) | 14,789,600) | 16,554,000) | 17,231,700) | |
| Operating Liabilities | |||||||
| Total liabilities | 12,725,400) | 7,554,500) | 8,002,000) | 8,281,700) | 10,841,900) | 10,057,000) | |
| Less: Short-term borrowings | 7,700) | 58,200) | 54,300) | 144,000) | 935,800) | 1,494,300) | |
| Less: Current portion of long-term debt | 470,000) | 40,400) | 406,600) | 416,400) | 371,300) | 435,600) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current portion | 7,132,900) | 2,907,300) | 2,967,400) | 3,402,400) | 4,918,100) | 3,949,100) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, related party | 297,200) | 320,100) | 384,300) | —) | —) | —) | |
| Operating liabilities | 4,817,600) | 4,228,500) | 4,189,400) | 4,318,900) | 4,616,700) | 4,178,000) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 13,993,000) | 12,299,600) | 12,012,900) | 10,470,700) | 11,937,300) | 13,053,700) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | 1,693,400) | 286,700) | 1,542,200) | (1,466,600) | (1,116,400) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | 12.88% | 2.36% | 13.72% | -13.09% | -8.93% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Linde plc | -1.19% | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Materials | -1.46% | 200.00% | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30).
1 2020 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 18,810,600 – 4,817,600 = 13,993,000
2 2020 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2020 – Net operating assets2019
= 13,993,000 – 12,299,600 = 1,693,400
3 2020 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 1,693,400 ÷ [(13,993,000 + 12,299,600) ÷ 2] = 12.88%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Air Products & Chemicals Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2019 to 2020. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Air Products & Chemicals Inc., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in thousands
| Sep 30, 2020 | Sep 30, 2019 | Sep 30, 2018 | Sep 30, 2017 | Sep 30, 2016 | Sep 30, 2015 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to Air Products | 1,886,700) | 1,760,000) | 1,497,800) | 3,000,400) | 631,100) | 1,277,900) | |
| Less: Cash provided by operating activities | 3,264,700) | 2,969,900) | 2,554,700) | 2,534,100) | 2,707,400) | 2,437,800) | |
| Less: Cash used for investing activities | (3,560,000) | (2,113,400) | (1,649,100) | (1,417,700) | (972,000) | (1,599,700) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 2,182,000) | 903,500) | 592,200) | 1,884,000) | (1,104,300) | 439,800) | |
| Financial Ratio | |||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 16.60% | 7.43% | 5.27% | 16.82% | -8.84% | — | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | |||||||
| Linde plc | -3.11% | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | |||||||
| Materials | -3.54% | -10.53% | — | — | — | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2017-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-09-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-09-30).
1 2020 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 2,182,000 ÷ [(13,993,000 + 12,299,600) ÷ 2] = 16.60%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Air Products & Chemicals Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2019 to 2020. |