Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Linde plc, balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | ||||||
| Total assets | 80,147) | 80,811) | 79,658) | 81,605) | 88,229) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 4,850) | 4,664) | 5,436) | 2,823) | 3,754) | |
| Operating assets | 75,297) | 76,147) | 74,222) | 78,782) | 84,475) | |
| Operating Liabilities | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 40,659) | 39,716) | 38,271) | 36,164) | 38,647) | |
| Less: Short-term debt | 4,223) | 4,713) | 4,117) | 1,163) | 3,251) | |
| Less: Current portion of long-term debt | 2,057) | 1,263) | 1,599) | 1,709) | 751) | |
| Less: Current finance lease liabilities | 54) | 50) | 42) | 47) | 38) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current portion | 15,343) | 13,397) | 12,198) | 11,335) | 12,152) | |
| Less: Long-term finance lease liabilities | 150) | 143) | 114) | 129) | 125) | |
| Operating liabilities | 18,832) | 20,150) | 20,201) | 21,781) | 22,330) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 56,465) | 55,997) | 54,021) | 57,001) | 62,145) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | 468) | 1,976) | (2,980) | (5,144) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | 0.83% | 3.59% | -5.37% | -8.63% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Sherwin-Williams Co. | 4.62% | -1.37% | 12.51% | 1.78% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Chemicals | 1.57% | 2.62% | -2.04% | -6.91% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Materials | 3.19% | 5.47% | 1.53% | -5.48% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 2024 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 75,297 – 18,832 = 56,465
2 2024 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2024 – Net operating assets2023
= 56,465 – 55,997 = 468
3 2024 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 468 ÷ [(56,465 + 55,997) ÷ 2] = 0.83%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Linde plc improved earnings quality from 2023 to 2024. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Linde plc, cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income, Linde plc | 6,565) | 6,199) | 4,147) | 3,826) | 2,501) | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 9,423) | 9,305) | 8,864) | 9,725) | 7,429) | |
| Less: Net cash used for investing activities | (4,644) | (4,670) | (3,088) | (3,007) | (2,986) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 1,786) | 1,564) | (1,629) | (2,892) | (1,942) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 3.18% | 2.84% | -2.93% | -4.85% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Sherwin-Williams Co. | 5.33% | -0.70% | 13.47% | 0.82% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Chemicals | 3.59% | 2.15% | 0.12% | -3.92% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Materials | 2.23% | 3.08% | 1.97% | -4.42% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 2024 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 1,786 ÷ [(56,465 + 55,997) ÷ 2] = 3.18%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Linde plc deteriorated earnings quality from 2023 to 2024. |