Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Humana Inc., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | ||||||
| Total assets | 47,065) | 43,055) | 44,358) | 34,969) | 29,074) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 4,694) | 5,061) | 3,394) | 4,673) | 4,054) | |
| Less: Investment securities | 16,626) | 13,881) | 13,192) | 12,554) | 10,972) | |
| Operating assets | 25,745) | 24,113) | 27,772) | 17,742) | 14,048) | |
| Operating Liabilities | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 30,747) | 27,685) | 28,255) | 21,241) | 17,037) | |
| Less: Book overdraft | 353) | 298) | 326) | 320) | 225) | |
| Less: Short-term debt | 1,443) | 2,092) | 1,953) | 600) | 699) | |
| Less: Long-term debt | 10,213) | 9,034) | 10,541) | 6,060) | 4,967) | |
| Operating liabilities | 18,738) | 16,261) | 15,435) | 14,261) | 11,146) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 7,007) | 7,852) | 12,337) | 3,481) | 2,902) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | (845) | (4,485) | 8,856) | 579) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | -11.37% | -44.43% | 111.97% | 18.14% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 6.06% | -0.73% | -1.76% | -1.55% | — | |
| Cigna Group | -0.99% | -7.83% | 4.17% | -7.30% | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 16.15% | -9.86% | -3.68% | -0.89% | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 7.14% | 0.32% | 14.93% | -15.16% | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 15.55% | -10.21% | 50.02% | -8.55% | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | 2.69% | -1.37% | 3.72% | -1.48% | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 13.41% | 17.32% | 4.32% | 5.27% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | 8.94% | -1.21% | 4.56% | -1.66% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | 7.31% | 2.87% | 6.05% | 10.43% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 25,745 – 18,738 = 7,007
2 2023 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2023 – Net operating assets2022
= 7,007 – 7,852 = -845
3 2023 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -845 ÷ [(7,007 + 7,852) ÷ 2] = -11.37%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Humana Inc. improved earnings quality from 2022 to 2023. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Humana Inc., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to Humana | 2,489) | 2,806) | 2,933) | 3,367) | 2,707) | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 3,981) | 4,587) | 2,262) | 5,639) | 5,284) | |
| Less: Net cash used in investing activities | (3,492) | (1,006) | (6,556) | (3,065) | (1,278) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 2,000) | (775) | 7,227) | 793) | (1,299) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 26.92% | -7.68% | 91.38% | 24.85% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Abbott Laboratories | 3.55% | -2.08% | -3.29% | -2.65% | — | |
| Cigna Group | -2.14% | -7.06% | 2.43% | -6.53% | — | |
| CVS Health Corp. | 13.47% | -6.15% | -4.20% | -2.54% | — | |
| Elevance Health Inc. | 12.87% | 8.35% | 30.34% | 4.96% | — | |
| Intuitive Surgical Inc. | 4.54% | -20.88% | 33.51% | 10.64% | — | |
| Medtronic PLC | 1.80% | -0.97% | 0.35% | 1.16% | — | |
| UnitedHealth Group Inc. | 7.40% | 21.73% | 5.77% | 6.56% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Health Care Equipment & Services | 6.92% | 1.95% | 4.01% | -0.04% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | 7.75% | 3.11% | 7.13% | 6.55% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 2,000 ÷ [(7,007 + 7,852) ÷ 2] = 26.92%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Humana Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2022 to 2023. |