Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
IQVIA Holdings Inc., balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | ||||||
| Total assets | 25,337) | 24,689) | 24,564) | 23,251) | 22,549) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 1,216) | 1,366) | 1,814) | 837) | 891) | |
| Less: Investments in debt, equity and other securities | 93) | 111) | 88) | 62) | 47) | |
| Operating assets | 24,028) | 23,212) | 22,662) | 22,352) | 21,611) | |
| Operating Liabilities | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 19,572) | 18,647) | 18,284) | 16,988) | 15,595) | |
| Less: Current portion of long-term debt | 152) | 91) | 149) | 100) | 100) | |
| Less: Current finance lease liabilities | 5) | 9) | —) | —) | —) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, less current portion | 12,595) | 12,034) | 12,384) | 11,545) | 10,907) | |
| Less: Long-term finance lease liabilities | 224) | 177) | 122) | —) | —) | |
| Operating liabilities | 6,596) | 6,336) | 5,629) | 5,343) | 4,588) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 17,432) | 16,876) | 17,033) | 17,009) | 17,023) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | 556) | (157) | 24) | (14) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | 3.24% | -0.93% | 0.14% | -0.08% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | -14.27% | -9.69% | 131.82% | — | — | |
| Amgen Inc. | 4.07% | 0.70% | 3.47% | — | — | |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | -3.86% | -13.40% | -13.24% | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | -1.55% | 16.41% | 52.50% | — | — | |
| Eli Lilly & Co. | 11.38% | 16.60% | 18.42% | — | — | |
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | -2.92% | -2.34% | 59.36% | — | — | |
| Johnson & Johnson | 19.84% | 3.75% | 7.76% | — | — | |
| Merck & Co. Inc. | 0.46% | 25.14% | 15.90% | — | — | |
| Moderna Inc. | 84.44% | 536.93% | — | — | — | |
| Pfizer Inc. | 24.95% | -7.11% | -14.91% | — | — | |
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 11.07% | 43.54% | 16.50% | — | — | |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | -1.78% | 43.38% | 1.98% | — | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology & Life Sciences | 5.69% | 7.13% | 20.29% | 200.00% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | 2.87% | 6.05% | 10.43% | 200.00% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 2022 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 24,028 – 6,596 = 17,432
2 2022 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2022 – Net operating assets2021
= 17,432 – 16,876 = 556
3 2022 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 556 ÷ [(17,432 + 16,876) ÷ 2] = 3.24%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, IQVIA Holdings Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2021 to 2022. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
IQVIA Holdings Inc., cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | Dec 31, 2018 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to IQVIA Holdings Inc. | 1,091) | 966) | 279) | 191) | 259) | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 2,260) | 2,942) | 1,959) | 1,417) | 1,254) | |
| Less: Net cash used in investing activities | (2,006) | (2,103) | (796) | (1,190) | (810) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | 837) | 127) | (884) | (36) | (185) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | 4.88% | 0.75% | -5.19% | -0.21% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | ||||||
| AbbVie Inc. | -16.25% | -10.28% | 44.98% | — | — | |
| Amgen Inc. | 8.81% | -12.87% | 6.95% | — | — | |
| Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. | -9.10% | -12.73% | -15.67% | — | — | |
| Danaher Corp. | 1.44% | 18.48% | 42.90% | — | — | |
| Eli Lilly & Co. | 10.32% | 5.30% | 11.38% | — | — | |
| Gilead Sciences Inc. | -4.95% | -4.86% | 20.18% | — | — | |
| Johnson & Johnson | 10.78% | 8.23% | 17.00% | — | — | |
| Merck & Co. Inc. | 0.61% | 29.09% | 13.75% | — | — | |
| Moderna Inc. | 118.22% | 626.00% | — | — | — | |
| Pfizer Inc. | 18.46% | 13.18% | 3.27% | — | — | |
| Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc. | 18.61% | 49.24% | 10.32% | — | — | |
| Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc. | -0.06% | 34.69% | -0.89% | — | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Pharmaceuticals, Biotechnology & Life Sciences | 3.92% | 9.39% | 11.93% | 6.21% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Health Care | 3.11% | 7.13% | 6.55% | 3.35% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2018-12-31).
1 2022 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × 837 ÷ [(17,432 + 16,876) ÷ 2] = 4.88%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, IQVIA Holdings Inc. deteriorated earnings quality from 2021 to 2022. |