Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Paying user area
Try for free
Monsanto Co. pages available for free this week:
- Income Statement
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Analysis of Long-term (Investment) Activity Ratios
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Net Profit Margin since 2005
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2005
- Price to Sales (P/S) since 2005
- Analysis of Debt
The data is hidden behind: . Unhide it.
Get full access to the entire website from $10.42/mo, or
get 1-month access to Monsanto Co. for $22.49.
This is a one-time payment. There is no automatic renewal.
We accept:
Economic Profit
Monsanto Co., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Aug 31, 2017 | Aug 31, 2016 | Aug 31, 2015 | Aug 31, 2014 | Aug 31, 2013 | Aug 31, 2012 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | |||||||
| Cost of capital2 | |||||||
| Invested capital3 | |||||||
| Economic profit4 | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2017 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The analysis of the financial data reveals several key trends regarding profitability and capital efficiency over the six-year period.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT demonstrates some variability, starting at 2,247 million USD in 2012 and generally increasing to a peak of 2,743 million USD in 2013. This is followed by a decline in 2014 and 2015, reaching a low of 1,816 million USD in 2016 before recovering somewhat to 2,582 million USD in 2017. Overall, the NOPAT exhibits a cyclical pattern with a notable dip in the middle years.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remains relatively stable throughout the period, fluctuating marginally between 14.07% and 16.04%. It starts higher at 15.92% in 2012, peaks slightly at 16.04% in 2013, and experiences a gradual decline until 2015 before increasing again in 2017. This stability indicates a consistent required return expectation by investors over the years.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital exhibits a general upward trend from 14,553 million USD in 2012 to a peak of 18,327 million USD in 2015. Subsequent years show a decrease in invested capital to 15,963 million USD in 2016, followed by a modest increase to 16,366 million USD in 2017. The data suggests investment growth culminating in 2015 before a contraction and partial recovery.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit, which represents the value created over and above the cost of capital, shows a variable pattern. It begins negative at -70 million USD in 2012, improves significantly to positive values of 213 and 239 million USD in 2013 and 2014 respectively, then reverses to negative figures in 2015 and 2016 with -218 and -436 million USD. In 2017, there is a recovery to 185 million USD. This trend indicates that excess returns fluctuated considerably, with periods of value destruction particularly in 2015 and 2016.
In summary, the financial performance reflects volatility in profitability and value creation. Despite a steady cost of capital, fluctuations in operating profit and invested capital correlate with the oscillations in economic profit. The mid-period downturn suggests challenges in maintaining returns above the cost of capital, whereas the partial recovery in 2017 denotes improving operational efficiency or investment effectiveness.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Monsanto Co., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for doubtful trade receivables.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in LIFO reserve. See details »
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenues.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring reserves.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income attributable to Monsanto Company.
7 2017 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
8 2017 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 35.00% =
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income attributable to Monsanto Company.
10 2017 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 35.00% =
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
12 Elimination of discontinued operations.
The financial data reveals certain trends in profitability for the analyzed company over a six-year period ending August 31, 2017.
- Net Income Attributable to the Company
-
Net income shows an overall fluctuating pattern across the years. It increased steadily from 2045 million US dollars in 2012 to a peak of 2740 million in 2014. Subsequently, it experienced a decline to 2314 million in 2015 and a more pronounced decrease to 1336 million in 2016, indicating a significant setback in profitability during that year. However, the net income rebounded sharply to 2260 million in 2017, signaling recovery but not reaching the earlier peak levels.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
-
NOPAT similarly experienced variations over the examined period. It rose from 2247 million USD in 2012 to 2743 million in 2013, before slightly declining to 2633 million in 2014. The value then decreased further to 2361 million in 2015 and took a more substantial fall to 1816 million in 2016. In 2017, NOPAT saw a notable recovery to 2582 million. This suggests operational efficiency or profitability challenges during 2015 and 2016 with improvement thereafter.
Overall, both net income and NOPAT indicate a peak generally around 2013-2014, followed by declines in 2015 and notably in 2016. The recovery in 2017 reflects a positive turnaround. The inconsistency observed in both metrics suggests volatility in profitability and operational performance during these years, highlighting a period of financial challenges mid-cycle with subsequent recovery efforts yielding results by the final year reported.
Cash Operating Taxes
Monsanto Co., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
- Income Tax Provision from Continuing Operations
- The income tax provision from continuing operations exhibited a fluctuating trend over the six-year period. Starting at 901 million USD in 2012, a slight increase to 915 million USD was observed in 2013. This upward movement continued more notably in 2014, reaching a peak of 1,078 million USD. However, the subsequent years showed a declining pattern: it decreased to 864 million USD in 2015, further dropped to 695 million USD in 2016, and reached its lowest point at 626 million USD in 2017. Overall, despite an initial rise until 2014, the income tax provision has generally declined in the latter part of the timeframe.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes demonstrated more volatility relative to the income tax provision. Beginning at 708 million USD in 2012, there was a steady increase to 821 million USD in 2013, followed by a substantial spike to 1,179 million USD in 2014. The upward trend continued into 2015, peaking at 1,272 million USD. However, unlike income tax provision, cash operating taxes experienced a sharp decrease in 2016, falling to 801 million USD, and then a further decline to 719 million USD by 2017. Despite the fluctuations, the values at the end of the period remained higher than the initial 2012 figures.
- Comparative Observations
- Both income tax provision and cash operating taxes display a pattern of increasing values through the early years, reaching peaks around 2014 or 2015, followed by a notable decline in the last two years. The cash operating taxes showed more pronounced increases and decreases compared to the income tax provision, suggesting greater variability in actual tax cash outflows relative to the accounting provisions. The consistent decline in both items after 2015 might indicate changes in tax strategy, operational performance, or tax regulations affecting the company's tax liabilities.
Invested Capital
Monsanto Co., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of LIFO reserve. See details »
5 Addition of deferred revenues.
6 Addition of restructuring reserves.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to total Monsanto Company shareowners’ equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
9 Subtraction of construction in progress and other.
10 Subtraction of investments.
The financial data reveals several important trends and shifts over the six-year period ending August 31, 2017.
- Total reported debt & leases
- This metric shows a notable increase from 2012 through 2015, rising sharply from approximately $2.4 billion to $9.5 billion. The peak occurs in 2015 with a slight decline thereafter, dropping to $8.6 billion by 2017. This suggests a significant increase in leverage or borrowing activities during the mid-period, followed by some reduction in debt levels.
- Total Monsanto Company shareowners’ equity
- Shareowners’ equity exhibits a declining trend over the years. Starting at about $11.8 billion in 2012, equity increases slightly in 2013 but then declines steadily to a low of $4.5 billion in 2016. A partial recovery to $6.4 billion in 2017 is observed. This decreasing equity position alongside rising debt levels in the earlier years indicates possible financial restructuring or share buybacks impacting the equity base.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital shows a general upward trend from 2012 through 2015, rising from approximately $14.6 billion to $18.3 billion before declining to around $16.0 billion in 2016. A slight increase to $16.4 billion in 2017 occurs. The growth in invested capital up to 2015 parallels the increases in both debt and equity during that period, suggesting expansion or acquisition initiatives. The subsequent decrease and stabilization may reflect a period of consolidation or reevaluation of capital investment.
Overall, the data suggest that the company experienced increased leverage with a peak in debt around 2015, accompanied by declining shareholders’ equity after 2013. Despite fluctuations, invested capital remained relatively high, implying continued commitment to the company's operational base or growth efforts. The partial recovery in equity and reduction in debt post-2015 could indicate a strategic shift towards strengthening the balance sheet and deleveraging.
Cost of Capital
Monsanto Co., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 35.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Monsanto Co., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Aug 31, 2017 | Aug 31, 2016 | Aug 31, 2015 | Aug 31, 2014 | Aug 31, 2013 | Aug 31, 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Invested capital2 | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| lululemon athletica inc. | |||||||
| Nike Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2017 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of the financial metrics over the six-year period reveals notable fluctuations in both profitability and capital efficiency.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit demonstrates a volatile trend, starting with a significant loss of 70 million USD in 2012. It then shifted to positive territory in 2013 and 2014, reaching peaks of 213 million USD and 239 million USD respectively. However, the metric sharply declined in the subsequent years, showing substantial economic losses of 218 million USD and 436 million USD in 2015 and 2016. The year 2017 shows a recovery with a positive economic profit of 185 million USD, indicating some improvement in profitability.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital exhibits a general upward trend from 2012 through 2015, increasing from approximately 14.6 billion USD to 18.3 billion USD. This investment level then decreased in 2016 to about 16 billion USD but slightly increased again in 2017 to approximately 16.4 billion USD. The fluctuations suggest adjustments in capital deployment, possibly reflecting strategic investments or divestments.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio mirrors the volatility seen in economic profit. It started at a negative 0.48% in 2012, improved to positive values of 1.35% and 1.47% in 2013 and 2014, respectively, before declining sharply to negative values of -1.19% in 2015 and worsening further to -2.73% in 2016. By 2017, the ratio had rebounded to a positive 1.13%, indicating improved returns on invested capital relative to the cost of capital.
In summary, the company experienced variable economic profitability, with noteworthy improvements in 2013-2014 and 2017, contrasted by significant downturns in the middle period of 2015-2016. The invested capital increased overall but saw some reduction towards the end of the period analyzed. The economic spread ratio similarly reflects these shifts, confirming fluctuating capital efficiency outcomes during the six years under review.
Economic Profit Margin
Monsanto Co., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Aug 31, 2017 | Aug 31, 2016 | Aug 31, 2015 | Aug 31, 2014 | Aug 31, 2013 | Aug 31, 2012 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | |||||||
| Net sales | |||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenues | |||||||
| Adjusted net sales | |||||||
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | |||||||
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| lululemon athletica inc. | |||||||
| Nike Inc. | |||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2017-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2016-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2015-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2014-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2013-08-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2012-08-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2017 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted net sales
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Adjusted Net Sales
- Adjusted net sales exhibited a general upward trend from 2012 to 2014, increasing from $13,435 million to $15,685 million. However, this was followed by a decline in 2015 and 2016 to $14,933 million and $13,688 million respectively. In 2017, adjusted net sales showed a recovery, rising again to $14,878 million, though not reaching the peak of 2014.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit experienced considerable fluctuations throughout the period. It started with a negative value of -$70 million in 2012, followed by a significant positive increase to $213 million in 2013 and $239 million in 2014. Subsequently, economic profit declined sharply to -$218 million in 2015 and further to -$436 million in 2016, indicating deteriorating profitability. In 2017, a recovery was observed with economic profit rising to $185 million, though still below the peak values of 2013 and 2014.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin mirrored the pattern of economic profit, starting with a negative margin of -0.52% in 2012 and improving to positive margins of 1.43% in 2013 and 1.52% in 2014. This was followed by a decline into negative margins of -1.46% in 2015 and -3.19% in 2016, reflecting reduced profitability relative to sales. In 2017, the margin rebounded to 1.24%, indicating an improvement in profitability though remaining slightly below earlier peak levels.