Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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Mondelēz International Inc. pages available for free this week:
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- DuPont Analysis: Disaggregation of ROE, ROA, and Net Profit Margin
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Enterprise Value (EV)
- Current Ratio since 2005
- Debt to Equity since 2005
- Price to Earnings (P/E) since 2005
- Price to Operating Profit (P/OP) since 2005
- Price to Book Value (P/BV) since 2005
- Analysis of Revenues
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Economic Profit
Mondelēz International Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
The period under review demonstrates fluctuating financial performance as measured by economic profit. Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT) exhibited volatility, increasing from US$3,858 million in 2020 to US$4,733 million in 2021, then decreasing significantly to US$3,016 million in 2022, before recovering to US$5,433 million in 2023 and slightly declining to US$5,271 million in 2024. The cost of capital generally increased over the period, rising from 9.50% in 2020 to 10.20% in 2023, before decreasing slightly to 9.91% in 2024. Invested capital showed a moderate increase from US$61,366 million in 2020 to US$63,833 million in 2022, followed by a decrease to US$60,269 million in 2024.
- Economic Profit Trend
- Economic profit remained negative throughout the observed period, indicating that the company’s returns did not exceed its cost of capital. The magnitude of the economic loss varied considerably. The largest loss occurred in 2022, at US$-3,266 million. Losses were reduced in 2021 and 2023, reaching US$-1,305 million and US$-842 million respectively, before increasing slightly to US$-700 million in 2024. This suggests a gradual, though incomplete, improvement in value creation.
- Relationship between NOPAT and Economic Profit
- The fluctuations in NOPAT directly influenced economic profit. The increase in NOPAT from 2020 to 2021 contributed to a smaller economic loss. Conversely, the substantial decline in NOPAT in 2022 resulted in the largest economic loss during the period. The recovery in NOPAT in 2023 and 2024 led to a reduction in the magnitude of the economic loss, although it remained negative.
- Impact of Cost of Capital
- The rising cost of capital between 2020 and 2023 exerted downward pressure on economic profit. Even with increases in NOPAT, the higher cost of capital partially offset the gains, contributing to continued economic losses. The slight decrease in the cost of capital in 2024 offered a marginal improvement, but was not sufficient to generate positive economic profit.
- Invested Capital and Economic Profit
- While invested capital generally increased during the initial part of the period, its impact on economic profit was secondary to the interplay between NOPAT and the cost of capital. The decrease in invested capital in 2023 and 2024 did not translate into positive economic profit, indicating that the primary driver of value creation remained the ability to generate returns exceeding the cost of capital.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Mondelēz International Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowances for credit losses.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring Program liability.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International.
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense, debt = Adjusted interest expense, debt × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net earnings attributable to Mondelēz International.
- Net Earnings Attributable to Mondelēz International
- The net earnings demonstrated a fluctuating trend over the five-year period. Starting at 3,555 million US dollars in 2020, earnings increased notably to 4,300 million in 2021, showing significant growth. However, in 2022, there was a considerable decline to 2,717 million, representing a substantial decrease. The earnings then rose sharply in 2023 to reach 4,959 million, the highest point in the period under review, followed by a slight decline in 2024 to 4,611 million. Despite the fluctuations, the earnings in 2024 remained well above the 2020 level.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT exhibited a similar pattern to net earnings, evidencing growth from 3,858 million US dollars in 2020 to 4,733 million in 2021. There was a decline in 2022 to 3,016 million, although this was less pronounced than the drop in net earnings. In 2023, NOPAT increased sharply, reaching 5,433 million, the peak during the period. A marginal decrease to 5,271 million occurred in 2024, yet the level remained significantly higher compared to the start of the period.
- General Observations
- Both net earnings and NOPAT show a cyclical pattern with peaks in 2021 and 2023, and troughs in 2022. The recovery after 2022 is strong, indicating resilience and effective operational performance. The overall upward trend from 2020 to 2024 reflects improvement in profitability and operational efficiency, despite the mid-period dip. The differences in magnitude of the declines and recoveries between net earnings and NOPAT may suggest varying impacts of operational and non-operational factors on profitability.
Cash Operating Taxes
Mondelēz International Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
- Provision for Income Taxes
- The provision for income taxes fluctuated over the five-year period. It decreased from 1224 million USD in 2020 to 865 million USD in 2022, indicating a downward trend during these years. However, the figure rose sharply to 1537 million USD in 2023, the highest level in the series, before slightly declining to 1469 million USD in 2024. This pattern suggests variable tax charges, possibly influenced by changes in profitability, tax regulations, or accounting estimates.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes demonstrated a generally volatile trend as well. Starting at 1387 million USD in 2020, there was a decline to 1003 million USD by 2022. Subsequently, the amount increased substantially to 1697 million USD in 2023, marking the peak in this timeframe. The value then decreased to 1328 million USD in 2024. This fluctuation may reflect differences in actual cash paid versus tax provisions, timing of payments, or underlying operational profitability.
Invested Capital
Mondelēz International Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of restructuring Program liability.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to total Mondelēz International shareholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of construction in progress.
- Total reported debt & leases
- The total reported debt and leases displayed a fluctuating trend over the given periods. It initially decreased from 20,706 million USD in 2020 to 20,145 million USD in 2021. However, it rose significantly to 23,613 million USD in 2022, indicating a marked increase in leverage or obligations during that year. Subsequently, the debt declined again to 20,110 million USD in 2023 and further decreased to 18,544 million USD in 2024, suggesting efforts to reduce debt levels after the peak in 2022.
- Total Mondelēz International shareholders’ equity
- Shareholders’ equity showed moderate variation but remained relatively stable throughout the years. An increase was observed from 27,578 million USD in 2020 to 28,269 million USD in 2021, followed by a decline to 26,883 million USD in 2022. Equity then recovered to 28,332 million USD in 2023 before a slight decrease to 26,932 million USD in 2024. These fluctuations may reflect changes in retained earnings, share repurchases, or other equity transactions.
- Invested capital
- Invested capital exhibited an overall stable pattern with some minor fluctuations. Starting at 61,366 million USD in 2020, it increased marginally to 61,560 million USD in 2021 and reached a peak of 63,833 million USD in 2022. However, it dropped to 61,495 million USD in 2023 and further declined to 60,269 million USD in 2024. This trend indicates that the company maintained a steady level of capital investment with slight adjustments possibly related to asset acquisitions or disposals and working capital changes.
Cost of Capital
Mondelēz International Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Mondelēz International Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Coca-Cola Co. | ||||||
| PepsiCo Inc. | ||||||
| Philip Morris International Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic spread ratio exhibited fluctuations over the five-year period. Initially negative, the ratio demonstrated improvement before declining again. Economic profit remained negative throughout the period, though with varying magnitudes. Invested capital showed a general increasing trend initially, followed by a decline in the most recent two years.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio began at -3.22% in 2020. It improved to -2.12% in 2021, indicating a lessening of the gap between the return on invested capital and the cost of capital. However, the ratio deteriorated significantly to -5.12% in 2022, representing the largest negative spread during the observed period. A subsequent improvement was noted in 2023 (-1.37%) and 2024 (-1.16%), suggesting a gradual narrowing of the negative spread, though it remained negative overall.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit was negative across all five years. The largest negative economic profit occurred in 2022, at -3,266 US$ millions. The figure was -1,974 US$ millions in 2020, decreased to -1,305 US$ millions in 2021, then increased in magnitude to -3,266 US$ millions in 2022. A substantial improvement was observed in 2023 (-842 US$ millions) and continued into 2024 (-700 US$ millions), indicating a reduction in the absolute value of the economic loss.
- Invested Capital
- Invested capital generally increased from 61,366 US$ millions in 2020 to 63,833 US$ millions in 2022. A decrease was then observed in 2023 (61,495 US$ millions) and continued in 2024, reaching 60,269 US$ millions. This suggests a potential shift in capital allocation strategy or a reduction in capital-intensive projects towards the end of the period.
The combined trends suggest that while the company experienced negative economic profit throughout the period, there were periods of improvement, particularly in the most recent two years. The narrowing of the negative economic spread ratio in 2023 and 2024, alongside the reduction in absolute economic loss, may indicate increasing efficiency in capital utilization, despite the overall decrease in invested capital.
Economic Profit Margin
Mondelēz International Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Net revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Coca-Cola Co. | ||||||
| PepsiCo Inc. | ||||||
| Philip Morris International Inc. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Net revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The economic profit margin exhibited considerable fluctuation between 2020 and 2024. Initially negative, the margin improved, then deteriorated significantly before stabilizing in the most recent period. A review of the underlying figures reveals a complex relationship between net revenues and economic profit.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin began at -7.43% in 2020. A notable improvement was observed in 2021, with the margin increasing to -4.54%. However, 2022 saw a substantial decline, reaching -10.37%, representing the lowest point in the observed period. The margin then improved considerably in 2023 to -2.34%, and continued to improve, albeit at a slower rate, to -1.92% in 2024. This suggests increasing efficiency in generating economic profit relative to revenue in the latter years.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit itself was consistently negative throughout the five-year period. The largest negative value occurred in 2022 at -3,266 US$ millions. While negative economic profit was recorded in all years, the absolute value decreased from 2020 to 2021, increased substantially in 2022, and then decreased again in both 2023 and 2024, reaching -700 US$ millions. This indicates a lessening of the gap between cost of capital and returns generated.
- Net Revenues
- Net revenues demonstrated a consistent upward trend throughout the period. Revenues increased from 26,581 US$ millions in 2020 to 36,441 US$ millions in 2024. The largest single-year increase occurred between 2022 and 2023, with a rise of 4,520 US$ millions. The growth rate slowed between 2023 and 2024, with an increase of only 425 US$ millions. Despite the revenue growth, the consistently negative economic profit suggests that revenue increases have not been sufficient to cover the cost of capital.
The interplay between net revenues and economic profit margin indicates that while the company has successfully grown its top line, its ability to generate economic profit has been inconsistent. The improvement in the economic profit margin in 2023 and 2024, despite continued negative economic profit, suggests a positive trend, but further investigation into the factors driving the cost of capital and operational efficiency is warranted.