Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM)
Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) indicates what should be the expected or required rate of return on risky assets like General Motors Co. common stock.
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General Motors Co. pages available for free this week:
- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Assets
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Analysis of Reportable Segments
- Common Stock Valuation Ratios
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Current Ratio since 2010
- Total Asset Turnover since 2010
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Rates of Return
General Motors Co., monthly rates of return
| General Motors Co. (GM) | Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | Date | PriceGM,t1 | DividendGM,t1 | RGM,t2 | PriceS&P 500,t | RS&P 500,t3 |
| Jan 31, 2021 | ||||||
| 1. | Feb 28, 2021 | |||||
| 2. | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||
| 3. | Apr 30, 2021 | |||||
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| 58. | Nov 30, 2025 | |||||
| 59. | Dec 31, 2025 | |||||
| Average (R): | ||||||
| Standard deviation: | ||||||
| General Motors Co. (GM) | Standard & Poor’s 500 (S&P 500) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| t | Date | PriceGM,t1 | DividendGM,t1 | RGM,t2 | PriceS&P 500,t | RS&P 500,t3 |
| Jan 31, 2021 | ||||||
| 1. | Feb 28, 2021 | |||||
| 2. | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||
| 3. | Apr 30, 2021 | |||||
| 4. | May 31, 2021 | |||||
| 5. | Jun 30, 2021 | |||||
| 6. | Jul 31, 2021 | |||||
| 7. | Aug 31, 2021 | |||||
| 8. | Sep 30, 2021 | |||||
| 9. | Oct 31, 2021 | |||||
| 10. | Nov 30, 2021 | |||||
| 11. | Dec 31, 2021 | |||||
| 12. | Jan 31, 2022 | |||||
| 13. | Feb 28, 2022 | |||||
| 14. | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||
| 15. | Apr 30, 2022 | |||||
| 16. | May 31, 2022 | |||||
| 17. | Jun 30, 2022 | |||||
| 18. | Jul 31, 2022 | |||||
| 19. | Aug 31, 2022 | |||||
| 20. | Sep 30, 2022 | |||||
| 21. | Oct 31, 2022 | |||||
| 22. | Nov 30, 2022 | |||||
| 23. | Dec 31, 2022 | |||||
| 24. | Jan 31, 2023 | |||||
| 25. | Feb 28, 2023 | |||||
| 26. | Mar 31, 2023 | |||||
| 27. | Apr 30, 2023 | |||||
| 28. | May 31, 2023 | |||||
| 29. | Jun 30, 2023 | |||||
| 30. | Jul 31, 2023 | |||||
| 31. | Aug 31, 2023 | |||||
| 32. | Sep 30, 2023 | |||||
| 33. | Oct 31, 2023 | |||||
| 34. | Nov 30, 2023 | |||||
| 35. | Dec 31, 2023 | |||||
| 36. | Jan 31, 2024 | |||||
| 37. | Feb 29, 2024 | |||||
| 38. | Mar 31, 2024 | |||||
| 39. | Apr 30, 2024 | |||||
| 40. | May 31, 2024 | |||||
| 41. | Jun 30, 2024 | |||||
| 42. | Jul 31, 2024 | |||||
| 43. | Aug 31, 2024 | |||||
| 44. | Sep 30, 2024 | |||||
| 45. | Oct 31, 2024 | |||||
| 46. | Nov 30, 2024 | |||||
| 47. | Dec 31, 2024 | |||||
| 48. | Jan 31, 2025 | |||||
| 49. | Feb 28, 2025 | |||||
| 50. | Mar 31, 2025 | |||||
| 51. | Apr 30, 2025 | |||||
| 52. | May 31, 2025 | |||||
| 53. | Jun 30, 2025 | |||||
| 54. | Jul 31, 2025 | |||||
| 55. | Aug 31, 2025 | |||||
| 56. | Sep 30, 2025 | |||||
| 57. | Oct 31, 2025 | |||||
| 58. | Nov 30, 2025 | |||||
| 59. | Dec 31, 2025 | |||||
| Average (R): | ||||||
| Standard deviation: | ||||||
Show all
1 Data in US$ per share of common stock, adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 Rate of return on common stock of GM during period t
3 Rate of return on S&P 500 (the market portfolio proxy) during period t
Variance and Covariance
General Motors Co., calculation of variance and covariance of returns
| t | Date | RGM,t | RS&P 500,t | (RGM,t–RGM)2 | (RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 | (RGM,t–RGM)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Feb 28, 2021 | |||||
| 2. | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||
| 3. | Apr 30, 2021 | |||||
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
| 58. | Nov 30, 2025 | |||||
| 59. | Dec 31, 2025 | |||||
| Total (Σ): | ||||||
| t | Date | RGM,t | RS&P 500,t | (RGM,t–RGM)2 | (RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 | (RGM,t–RGM)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | Feb 28, 2021 | |||||
| 2. | Mar 31, 2021 | |||||
| 3. | Apr 30, 2021 | |||||
| 4. | May 31, 2021 | |||||
| 5. | Jun 30, 2021 | |||||
| 6. | Jul 31, 2021 | |||||
| 7. | Aug 31, 2021 | |||||
| 8. | Sep 30, 2021 | |||||
| 9. | Oct 31, 2021 | |||||
| 10. | Nov 30, 2021 | |||||
| 11. | Dec 31, 2021 | |||||
| 12. | Jan 31, 2022 | |||||
| 13. | Feb 28, 2022 | |||||
| 14. | Mar 31, 2022 | |||||
| 15. | Apr 30, 2022 | |||||
| 16. | May 31, 2022 | |||||
| 17. | Jun 30, 2022 | |||||
| 18. | Jul 31, 2022 | |||||
| 19. | Aug 31, 2022 | |||||
| 20. | Sep 30, 2022 | |||||
| 21. | Oct 31, 2022 | |||||
| 22. | Nov 30, 2022 | |||||
| 23. | Dec 31, 2022 | |||||
| 24. | Jan 31, 2023 | |||||
| 25. | Feb 28, 2023 | |||||
| 26. | Mar 31, 2023 | |||||
| 27. | Apr 30, 2023 | |||||
| 28. | May 31, 2023 | |||||
| 29. | Jun 30, 2023 | |||||
| 30. | Jul 31, 2023 | |||||
| 31. | Aug 31, 2023 | |||||
| 32. | Sep 30, 2023 | |||||
| 33. | Oct 31, 2023 | |||||
| 34. | Nov 30, 2023 | |||||
| 35. | Dec 31, 2023 | |||||
| 36. | Jan 31, 2024 | |||||
| 37. | Feb 29, 2024 | |||||
| 38. | Mar 31, 2024 | |||||
| 39. | Apr 30, 2024 | |||||
| 40. | May 31, 2024 | |||||
| 41. | Jun 30, 2024 | |||||
| 42. | Jul 31, 2024 | |||||
| 43. | Aug 31, 2024 | |||||
| 44. | Sep 30, 2024 | |||||
| 45. | Oct 31, 2024 | |||||
| 46. | Nov 30, 2024 | |||||
| 47. | Dec 31, 2024 | |||||
| 48. | Jan 31, 2025 | |||||
| 49. | Feb 28, 2025 | |||||
| 50. | Mar 31, 2025 | |||||
| 51. | Apr 30, 2025 | |||||
| 52. | May 31, 2025 | |||||
| 53. | Jun 30, 2025 | |||||
| 54. | Jul 31, 2025 | |||||
| 55. | Aug 31, 2025 | |||||
| 56. | Sep 30, 2025 | |||||
| 57. | Oct 31, 2025 | |||||
| 58. | Nov 30, 2025 | |||||
| 59. | Dec 31, 2025 | |||||
| Total (Σ): | ||||||
Show all
VarianceGM = Σ(RGM,t–RGM)2 ÷ (59 – 1)
= ÷ (59 – 1)
=
VarianceS&P 500 = Σ(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500)2 ÷ (59 – 1)
= ÷ (59 – 1)
=
CovarianceGM, S&P 500 = Σ(RGM,t–RGM)×(RS&P 500,t–RS&P 500) ÷ (59 – 1)
= ÷ (59 – 1)
=
Systematic Risk (β) Estimation
| VarianceGM | |
| VarianceS&P 500 | |
| CovarianceGM, S&P 500 | |
| Correlation coefficientGM, S&P 5001 | |
| βGM2 | |
| αGM3 |
Calculations
1 Correlation coefficientGM, S&P 500
= CovarianceGM, S&P 500 ÷ (Standard deviationGM × Standard deviationS&P 500)
= ÷ ( × )
=
2 βGM
= CovarianceGM, S&P 500 ÷ VarianceS&P 500
= ÷
=
3 αGM
= AverageGM – βGM × AverageS&P 500
= – ×
=
Expected Rate of Return
| Assumptions | ||
| Rate of return on LT Treasury Composite1 | RF | |
| Expected rate of return on market portfolio2 | E(RM) | |
| Systematic risk (β) of General Motors Co. common stock | βGM | |
| Expected rate of return on General Motors Co. common stock3 | E(RGM) | |
1 Unweighted average of bid yields on all outstanding fixed-coupon U.S. Treasury bonds neither due or callable in less than 10 years (risk-free rate of return proxy).
3 E(RGM) = RF + βGM [E(RM) – RF]
= + [ – ]
=