Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
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- Cash Flow Statement
- Common-Size Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Analysis of Short-term (Operating) Activity Ratios
- Analysis of Geographic Areas
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Selected Financial Data since 2005
- Analysis of Revenues
- Analysis of Debt
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Economic Profit
Alphabet Inc., economic profit calculation
US$ in millions
| 12 months ended: | Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | ||||||
| Cost of capital2 | ||||||
| Invested capital3 | ||||||
| Economic profit4 | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2024 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= – × =
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT)
- The NOPAT shows a fluctuating yet overall increasing trend over the observed periods. Starting at 41,262 million US dollars in 2020, it nearly doubled to 77,747 million in 2021, indicating strong profitability growth in that year. However, there was a decrease to 52,578 million in 2022, followed by a recovery to 65,370 million in 2023 and a significant rise to 93,781 million in 2024. This pattern suggests some volatility in operating profits but culminates in a notable increase by the end of the period.
- Cost of Capital
- The cost of capital remains relatively stable throughout the years, fluctuating narrowly between 14.72% and 14.82%. This consistency implies a steady financing environment or risk profile for the company over this period, without major shifts in capital expense.
- Invested Capital
- There is a consistent upward trend in invested capital, beginning at 145,844 million US dollars in 2020 and rising to 227,952 million by 2024. The capital investment grew steadily each year, except for a slight dip in 2023 compared to 2022. This increase indicates ongoing commitment to asset growth or acquisition of resources necessary for operations.
- Economic Profit
- Economic profit exhibits considerable variability across the years. The value climbs sharply from 19,800 million in 2020 to 52,397 million in 2021, then decreases to 22,787 million in 2022. From there, it recovers to 37,321 million in 2023 and further improves to 59,989 million in 2024. These fluctuations suggest changes in operational efficiency relative to the cost of capital but with an overall positive economic value added during the timeline.
Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Alphabet Inc., NOPAT calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance for credit losses on accounts receivable.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
5 2024 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= × =
6 2024 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
7 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
8 2024 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= × 21.00% =
9 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial data indicates a fluctuating yet generally positive trend in profitability over the observed periods. Net income shows substantial growth from 40,269 million US dollars at the end of 2020 to 76,033 million in 2021, marking a significant increase. However, there is a notable decline in 2022 to 59,972 million, followed by a recovery in 2023 to 73,795 million and further growth reaching 100,118 million by the end of 2024. This pattern suggests some volatility but an overall upward trajectory in net income over the five-year span.
Similarly, the Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) mirrors this trend with initial growth from 41,262 million US dollars in 2020 to 77,747 million in 2021. This is followed by a decrease in 2022 to 52,578 million, reflecting a sharper drop compared to net income. The subsequent years in 2023 and 2024 show a recovery and increase to 65,370 million and 93,781 million respectively. This indicates a similar pattern of variability but with a strong recuperation in operating profitability after taxes.
- Overall Trends
- Both net income and NOPAT experienced high growth in the early years, a decline in the middle period (2022), and recovery with substantial growth towards the end of the timeline (2023-2024).
- Volatility and Recovery
- The mid-period decrease in both measures suggests external or internal challenges impacting profitability, but the rebound in later years indicates effective management or favorable market conditions leading to enhanced earnings.
- Profitability Insights
- The data suggests that despite periods of decreased profitability, the company's financial health and earnings capacity improved significantly by 2024, reaching the highest recorded values in both net income and NOPAT within the given timeframe.
Cash Operating Taxes
Alphabet Inc., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
The analysis of the financial data indicates significant fluctuations and trends in the provisions and payments related to income taxes over the examined five-year period.
- Provision for Income Taxes
- This item shows an overall increasing trend from 2020 to 2024. It more than doubled from approximately $7.8 billion in 2020 to nearly $14.7 billion in 2021, followed by a decline in 2022 to about $11.4 billion. Subsequently, the provision slightly increased in 2023 to approximately $11.9 billion and then escalated sharply to almost $19.7 billion in 2024. This pattern suggests volatility in tax provisions with a recent marked increase.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash taxes paid display a steady and significant upward trend throughout the entire period. Starting at around $6.0 billion in 2020, the cash operating taxes rose sharply to about $12.6 billion in 2021 and continued to climb to $19.5 billion in 2022. The 2023 figure slightly declined to approximately $19.3 billion but rebounded in 2024 to reach its highest value, about $24.4 billion. This demonstrates a consistent increase in actual cash outflows for tax payments, with minor fluctuation in 2023.
In summary, while provision for income taxes has shown volatility with notable increases and decreases, the cash operating taxes have generally increased robustly over the period. The substantial rise in cash paid taxes indicates increasing tax obligations or payments, which may reflect higher profitability, changes in tax regulation, or shifts in the company’s taxable income profile. The divergence and patterns between provisions and cash taxes merit further examination to understand their drivers and implications on financial strategy and tax planning.
Invested Capital
Alphabet Inc., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in millions
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
6 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
7 Subtraction of assets not yet in service.
8 Subtraction of marketable securities.
- Total reported debt & leases
-
The total reported debt and leases have exhibited a gradual increase over the observed period. Starting from approximately 27.9 billion US dollars at the end of 2020, this figure rose steadily to reach about 30.4 billion dollars by the end of 2024. The increase is relatively moderate and consistent, without significant fluctuations, indicating stable debt management practices.
- Stockholders’ equity
-
Stockholders’ equity has shown a strong upward trend throughout the years. Beginning at roughly 222.5 billion dollars in 2020, equity increased each year, reaching approximately 325.1 billion dollars by the end of 2024. The growth is particularly notable in the last two years, suggesting either retained earnings accumulation, additional equity infusions, or positive revaluation impacts. This trend points to a strengthening financial position from an equity perspective.
- Invested capital
-
Invested capital experienced initial growth from 145.8 billion dollars in 2020 to over 202.3 billion dollars in 2022. However, there was a decline in 2023, dropping to about 189.8 billion dollars, followed by a substantial rise back to around 228.0 billion dollars in 2024. This pattern indicates some volatility in capital investment or asset base management, with a brief contraction before a strong recovery in the most recent year.
- General observations
-
Overall, the financial data indicates increasing capital structure strength with growing stockholders’ equity outpacing the moderate rise in debt and leases. The company's invested capital shows some fluctuations but trends upwards over the longer term. The stable debt levels alongside rising equity suggest improving solvency and financial robustness. The recent increase in invested capital may reflect new investments or asset expansion initiatives.
Cost of Capital
Alphabet Inc., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | ÷ | = | × | = | |||||||||
| Debt and finance lease liabilities3 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Operating lease liability4 | ÷ | = | × | × (1 – 21.00%) | = | ||||||||
| Total: | |||||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 US$ in millions
2 Equity. See details »
3 Debt and finance lease liabilities. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Alphabet Inc., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Invested capital2 | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Charter Communications Inc. | ||||||
| Comcast Corp. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × ÷ =
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit exhibited a fluctuating yet generally increasing trend over the observed five-year period. It started at 19,800 million US dollars in 2020, peaked significantly at 52,397 million in 2021, dropped to 22,787 million in 2022, rose again to 37,321 million in 2023, and reached its highest value of 59,989 million in 2024. This pattern suggests volatility in profitability, with a strong recovery and growth in later years.
- Invested Capital
- The invested capital showed a consistent upward trend throughout the period. Beginning at 145,844 million US dollars in 2020, it increased steadily each year to 171,408 million in 2021, 202,355 million in 2022, slightly decreasing to 189,779 million in 2023, before rising again to a peak of 227,952 million in 2024. The minor dip in 2023 could indicate a period of reduced investment or asset disposition, yet overall, the company has expanded its invested capital base.
- Economic Spread Ratio
- The economic spread ratio, which measures the efficiency of capital use in generating economic profit, shows notable variability. It was 13.58% in 2020, rose sharply to 30.57% in 2021, then declined to 11.26% in 2022, followed by an increase to 19.67% in 2023 and further improvement to 26.32% in 2024. This fluctuation aligns with changes in economic profit and invested capital, reflecting varying effectiveness in capital deployment over the years.
Economic Profit Margin
Alphabet Inc., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Economic profit1 | ||||||
| Revenues | ||||||
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | ||||||
| Adjusted revenues | ||||||
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | ||||||
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Charter Communications Inc. | ||||||
| Comcast Corp. | ||||||
| Meta Platforms Inc. | ||||||
| Netflix Inc. | ||||||
| Walt Disney Co. | ||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenues
= 100 × ÷ =
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
- Economic Profit
- The economic profit demonstrates significant fluctuations over the analyzed period. Starting at 19,800 million US dollars in 2020, it more than doubled to 52,397 million US dollars in 2021. However, it experienced a notable decline in 2022, dropping to 22,787 million US dollars, before recovering to 37,321 million US dollars in 2023. The upward trajectory continued in 2024 with the highest value reaching 59,989 million US dollars. This pattern reflects periods of volatility but generally an increasing trend in economic profit over the five-year span.
- Adjusted Revenues
- Adjusted revenues show a consistent upward trend throughout the period. Beginning at 183,285 million US dollars in 2020, revenues increased steadily each year, reaching 258,436 million US dollars in 2021, 283,520 million US dollars in 2022, 307,935 million US dollars in 2023, and culminating at 350,970 million US dollars in 2024. This steady increase indicates sustained revenue growth without visible interruptions or declines in any period.
- Economic Profit Margin
- The economic profit margin exhibits variability over the years. It started at 10.8% in 2020, saw a substantial increase to 20.27% in 2021, then decreased sharply to 8.04% in 2022. The margin increased again to 12.12% in 2023, and further improved to 17.09% in 2024. While there are fluctuations, the margin ended markedly higher in 2024 compared to the starting point in 2020, suggesting an overall improvement in profitability relative to revenues.
- Summary of Trends
- The data reveals consistent revenue growth accompanied by volatile but generally upward economic profit and profit margin. The peaks in economic profit and margin in 2021 and 2024 suggest periods of enhanced profitability efficiency. The dip in 2022 indicates a possible challenge or increased costs affecting profitability, despite continued revenue growth. Overall, the financial performance displays resilience and recovery with improving profit metrics by the end of the period.