Return on Capital (ROC)
Return on capital (ROC) is after tax rate of return on net business assets. ROIC is unaffected by changes in interest rates or company debt and equity structure. It measures business productivity performance.
Return on Invested Capital (ROIC)
International Business Machines Corp., ROIC calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 4,895) | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | |
| Invested capital2 | 111,965) | 112,927) | 104,131) | 110,083) | 130,176) | |
| Performance Ratio | ||||||
| ROIC3 | 4.37% | 7.63% | -0.68% | 3.78% | 3.44% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| ROIC, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 20.33% | 21.14% | 23.93% | 25.83% | 26.30% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 21.19% | 21.68% | 26.93% | 29.44% | 21.67% | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 14.27% | 24.69% | 23.98% | 24.26% | 25.05% | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 11.73% | 15.20% | 12.03% | 9.74% | 20.78% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 10.69% | 8.53% | 9.30% | 17.64% | 20.65% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 25.70% | 28.71% | 36.59% | 45.56% | 43.43% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 11.71% | 10.34% | 9.70% | 17.55% | 11.53% | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 13.53% | 16.73% | -7.21% | -14.60% | -54.59% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 23.08% | 28.59% | 19.73% | 11.48% | 9.91% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 5.72% | 3.01% | 5.42% | 8.25% | 5.13% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 23.07% | 22.31% | 17.69% | 18.88% | 20.49% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 10.31% | 11.03% | 17.54% | 11.52% | 11.63% | |
| Workday Inc. | 7.80% | 1.25% | 6.56% | 1.38% | -2.21% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
ROIC = 100 × NOPAT ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 4,895 ÷ 111,965 = 4.37%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Performance ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| ROIC | A measure of the periodic, after tax, cash-on-cash yield earned in the business. | International Business Machines Corp. ROIC improved from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly deteriorated from 2023 to 2024. |
Decomposition of ROIC
International Business Machines Corp., decomposition of ROIC
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Operating profit margin (OPM). See calculations »
2 Turnover of capital (TO). See calculations »
3 Effective cash tax rate (CTR). See calculations »
The primary reason for the decrease in return on invested capital (ROIC) over 2024 year is the decrease in profitability measured by operating profit margin (OPM) ratio.
Operating Profit Margin (OPM)
International Business Machines Corp., OPM calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 4,895) | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,356) | 2,510) | 2,497) | 2,130) | 2,738) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 7,251) | 11,124) | 1,787) | 6,293) | 7,215) | |
| Revenue | 62,753) | 61,860) | 60,530) | 57,350) | 73,620) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | 545) | 1,453) | (564) | 357) | 1,257) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 63,298) | 63,313) | 59,966) | 57,707) | 74,877) | |
| Profitability Ratio | ||||||
| OPM3 | 11.46% | 17.57% | 2.98% | 10.91% | 9.64% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| OPM, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 15.15% | 14.56% | 15.48% | 16.65% | 16.59% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 32.23% | 35.97% | 36.56% | 40.89% | 34.42% | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 31.87% | 31.47% | 32.28% | 28.51% | 27.83% | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 18.67% | 20.92% | 23.25% | 20.74% | 18.60% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 24.30% | 23.08% | 21.00% | 28.02% | 29.42% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 45.67% | 43.20% | 43.28% | 43.49% | 38.29% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 30.01% | 26.91% | 24.11% | 40.03% | 34.29% | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 11.18% | 9.03% | -8.42% | -23.57% | -109.97% | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 28.26% | 29.22% | 23.90% | 16.95% | 17.41% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 17.72% | 10.29% | 16.42% | 20.31% | 15.73% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 20.13% | 18.76% | 14.87% | 17.20% | 17.77% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 24.97% | 20.63% | 27.91% | 22.47% | 22.28% | |
| Workday Inc. | 8.65% | 3.29% | 8.82% | 2.23% | -2.53% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
OPM = 100 × NOPBT ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × 7,251 ÷ 63,298 = 11.46%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Profitability ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| OPM | The operating profit margin (OPM) is the ratio of pretax economic earnings, or NOPBT, to sales. | International Business Machines Corp. OPM improved from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly deteriorated from 2023 to 2024. |
Turnover of Capital (TO)
International Business Machines Corp., TO calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Revenue | 62,753) | 61,860) | 60,530) | 57,350) | 73,620) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred income | 545) | 1,453) | (564) | 357) | 1,257) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 63,298) | 63,313) | 59,966) | 57,707) | 74,877) | |
| Invested capital1 | 111,965) | 112,927) | 104,131) | 110,083) | 130,176) | |
| Efficiency Ratio | ||||||
| TO2 | 0.57 | 0.56 | 0.58 | 0.52 | 0.58 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| TO, Competitors3 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 1.76 | 1.94 | 2.08 | 1.95 | 1.97 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 0.88 | 0.80 | 0.86 | 0.80 | 0.70 | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 0.65 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 0.98 | 0.99 | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 0.64 | 0.75 | 0.64 | 0.48 | 1.14 | |
| Intuit Inc. | 0.65 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 0.79 | 0.89 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 0.72 | 0.88 | 1.04 | 1.20 | 1.35 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 0.53 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.51 | 0.44 | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | 1.15 | 1.86 | 0.60 | 0.61 | 0.49 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 0.94 | 1.01 | 0.86 | 0.74 | 0.62 | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 0.43 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.44 | 0.41 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 1.22 | 1.24 | 1.24 | 1.16 | 1.23 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 0.60 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.58 | |
| Workday Inc. | 0.90 | 0.82 | 0.74 | 0.77 | 0.78 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 Invested capital. See details »
2 2024 Calculation
TO = Adjusted revenue ÷ Invested capital
= 63,298 ÷ 111,965 = 0.57
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Efficiency ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| TO | The turnover of capital (TO) is the ratio of sales to invested capital. Capital turnover is a function of the efficiency of working capital management and of net fixed assets. | International Business Machines Corp. TO deteriorated from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly improved from 2023 to 2024. |
Effective Cash Tax Rate (CTR)
International Business Machines Corp., CTR calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2024 | Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | ||||||
| Net operating profit after taxes (NOPAT)1 | 4,895) | 8,615) | (710) | 4,163) | 4,477) | |
| Add: Cash operating taxes2 | 2,356) | 2,510) | 2,497) | 2,130) | 2,738) | |
| Net operating profit before taxes (NOPBT) | 7,251) | 11,124) | 1,787) | 6,293) | 7,215) | |
| Tax Rate | ||||||
| CTR3 | 32.49% | 22.56% | 139.75% | 33.85% | 37.95% | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| CTR, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 23.87% | 25.34% | 25.55% | 20.47% | 19.34% | |
| Adobe Inc. | 25.54% | 24.54% | 14.22% | 10.28% | 9.63% | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 31.39% | 21.85% | 25.88% | 13.59% | 9.34% | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 1.48% | 2.46% | 18.96% | 2.38% | 1.95% | |
| Intuit Inc. | 32.36% | 39.49% | 14.74% | 20.15% | 20.99% | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 21.33% | 24.32% | 18.98% | 13.05% | 15.80% | |
| Oracle Corp. | 25.73% | 25.66% | 26.20% | 13.28% | 23.42% | |
| Palantir Technologies Inc. | -4.95% | 0.60% | — | — | — | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 13.32% | 2.83% | 3.82% | 8.83% | 7.62% | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 25.29% | 25.49% | 8.32% | 6.83% | 19.81% | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 5.72% | 4.32% | 4.41% | 5.03% | 5.90% | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 30.80% | 24.60% | 11.45% | 18.39% | 10.36% | |
| Workday Inc. | -0.43% | 53.58% | -0.77% | 19.25% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cash operating taxes. See details »
3 2024 Calculation
CTR = 100 × Cash operating taxes ÷ NOPBT
= 100 × 2,356 ÷ 7,251 = 32.49%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Tax rate | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| CTR | Effective cash tax rate on operating income. | International Business Machines Corp. CTR decreased from 2022 to 2023 but then slightly increased from 2023 to 2024. |