Analysis of Reportable Segments
International Business Machines Corp. operates in 4 segments: Software; Consulting; Infrastructure; and Financing.
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- Balance Sheet: Assets
- Balance Sheet: Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
- Analysis of Profitability Ratios
- Analysis of Liquidity Ratios
- Analysis of Solvency Ratios
- Enterprise Value to EBITDA (EV/EBITDA)
- Dividend Discount Model (DDM)
- Present Value of Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE)
- Return on Equity (ROE) since 2005
- Debt to Equity since 2005
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Segment Profit Margin
International Business Machines Corp., profit margin by reportable segment
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment profit margin | Software | Software segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
| Consulting | Consulting segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Financing | Financing segment profit margin ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Profit Margin: Software
International Business Machines Corp.; Software; segment profit margin calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment profit margin1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment profit margin = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment profit margin | Software | Software segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Profit Margin: Consulting
International Business Machines Corp.; Consulting; segment profit margin calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment profit margin1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment profit margin = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment profit margin | Consulting | Consulting segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Profit Margin: Infrastructure
International Business Machines Corp.; Infrastructure; segment profit margin calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment profit margin1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment profit margin = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment profit margin | Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment profit margin ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Profit Margin: Financing
International Business Machines Corp.; Financing; segment profit margin calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment profit margin1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment profit margin = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Revenue
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment profit margin | Financing | Financing segment profit margin ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Return on Assets (Segment ROA)
International Business Machines Corp., ROA by reportable segment
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment ROA | Software | Software segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
| Consulting | Consulting segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Financing | Financing segment ROA deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Segment ROA: Software
International Business Machines Corp.; Software; segment ROA calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment ROA1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment ROA = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Assets
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment ROA | Software | Software segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment ROA: Consulting
International Business Machines Corp.; Consulting; segment ROA calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment ROA1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment ROA = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Assets
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment ROA | Consulting | Consulting segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment ROA: Infrastructure
International Business Machines Corp.; Infrastructure; segment ROA calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment ROA1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment ROA = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Assets
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment ROA | Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment ROA improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment ROA: Financing
International Business Machines Corp.; Financing; segment ROA calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Pre-tax income from continuing operations | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Profitability Ratio | |||||
| Segment ROA1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment ROA = 100 × Pre-tax income from continuing operations ÷ Assets
= 100 × ÷ =
| Segment profitability ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment ROA | Financing | Financing segment ROA deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Segment Asset Turnover
International Business Machines Corp., asset turnover by reportable segment
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Segment activity ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment asset turnover | Software | Software segment asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
| Consulting | Consulting segment asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. | |
| Financing | Financing segment asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Segment Asset Turnover: Software
International Business Machines Corp.; Software; segment asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Activity Ratio | |||||
| Segment asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Assets
= ÷ =
| Segment activity ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment asset turnover | Software | Software segment asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Asset Turnover: Consulting
International Business Machines Corp.; Consulting; segment asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Activity Ratio | |||||
| Segment asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Assets
= ÷ =
| Segment activity ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment asset turnover | Consulting | Consulting segment asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Asset Turnover: Infrastructure
International Business Machines Corp.; Infrastructure; segment asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Activity Ratio | |||||
| Segment asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Assets
= ÷ =
| Segment activity ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment asset turnover | Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment asset turnover ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Segment Asset Turnover: Financing
International Business Machines Corp.; Financing; segment asset turnover calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Revenue | |||||
| Assets | |||||
| Segment Activity Ratio | |||||
| Segment asset turnover1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment asset turnover = Revenue ÷ Assets
= ÷ =
| Segment activity ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment asset turnover | Financing | Financing segment asset turnover ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Segment Capital Expenditures to Depreciation
International Business Machines Corp., capital expenditures to depreciation by reportable segment
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Segment financial ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation | Software | Software segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
| Consulting | Consulting segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. | |
| Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. | |
| Financing | Financing segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Capital Expenditures to Depreciation: Software
International Business Machines Corp.; Software; segment capital expenditures to depreciation calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles | |||||
| Depreciation/amortization of intangibles | |||||
| Segment Financial Ratio | |||||
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment capital expenditures to depreciation = Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles ÷ Depreciation/amortization of intangibles
= ÷ =
| Segment financial ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation | Software | Software segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Segment Capital Expenditures to Depreciation: Consulting
International Business Machines Corp.; Consulting; segment capital expenditures to depreciation calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles | |||||
| Depreciation/amortization of intangibles | |||||
| Segment Financial Ratio | |||||
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment capital expenditures to depreciation = Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles ÷ Depreciation/amortization of intangibles
= ÷ =
| Segment financial ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation | Consulting | Consulting segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio deteriorated from 2021 to 2022 but then improved from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Segment Capital Expenditures to Depreciation: Infrastructure
International Business Machines Corp.; Infrastructure; segment capital expenditures to depreciation calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles | |||||
| Depreciation/amortization of intangibles | |||||
| Segment Financial Ratio | |||||
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment capital expenditures to depreciation = Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles ÷ Depreciation/amortization of intangibles
= ÷ =
| Segment financial ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation | Infrastructure | Infrastructure segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 and from 2022 to 2023. |
Segment Capital Expenditures to Depreciation: Financing
International Business Machines Corp.; Financing; segment capital expenditures to depreciation calculation
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in millions) | |||||
| Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles | |||||
| Depreciation/amortization of intangibles | |||||
| Segment Financial Ratio | |||||
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation1 | |||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 2023 Calculation
Segment capital expenditures to depreciation = Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles ÷ Depreciation/amortization of intangibles
= ÷ =
| Segment financial ratio | Reportable segment | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Segment capital expenditures to depreciation | Financing | Financing segment capital expenditures to depreciation ratio improved from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly deteriorated from 2022 to 2023. |
Revenue
International Business Machines Corp., revenue by reportable segment
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing | |||||
| Total segments |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
Pre-tax income from continuing operations
International Business Machines Corp., pre-tax income from continuing operations by reportable segment
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing | |||||
| Total segments |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
Assets
International Business Machines Corp., assets by reportable segment
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing | |||||
| Total segments |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
Depreciation/amortization of intangibles
International Business Machines Corp., depreciation/amortization of intangibles by reportable segment
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing | |||||
| Total segments |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
Capital expenditures/investments in intangibles
International Business Machines Corp., capital expenditures/investments in intangibles by reportable segment
US$ in millions
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Software | |||||
| Consulting | |||||
| Infrastructure | |||||
| Financing | |||||
| Total segments |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).