Common Stock Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples)
Valuation ratios measure the quantity of an asset or flaw (e.g., earnings) associated with ownership of a specified claim (e.g., a share of ownership of the enterprise).
Current Valuation Ratios
International Business Machines Corp., current price multiples
| International Business Machines Corp. | Accenture PLC | Adobe Inc. | Autodesk Inc. | Cadence Design Systems Inc. | CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | Intuit Inc. | Microsoft Corp. | Oracle Corp. | Palo Alto Networks Inc. | Salesforce Inc. | ServiceNow Inc. | Synopsys Inc. | Software & Services | Information Technology | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data | ||||||||||||||||||
| Current share price (P) | $214.60 | |||||||||||||||||
| No. shares of common stock outstanding | 924,645,152 | |||||||||||||||||
| Growth rate (g) | -11.84% | |||||||||||||||||
| Earnings per share (EPS) | $8.11 | |||||||||||||||||
| Next year expected EPS | $7.15 | |||||||||||||||||
| Operating profit per share | $10.15 | |||||||||||||||||
| Sales per share | $66.90 | |||||||||||||||||
| Book value per share (BVPS) | $24.37 | |||||||||||||||||
| Valuation Ratios (Price Multiples) | ||||||||||||||||||
| Price to earnings (P/E) | 26.45 | 30.73 | 40.51 | 73.05 | 80.08 | 960.86 | 61.55 | 35.05 | 50.50 | 49.63 | 75.28 | 121.74 | 67.64 | 49.94 | 55.12 | |||
| Price to next year expected earnings | 30.00 | 26.08 | 31.04 | 47.11 | 62.90 | 1,122.64 | 54.87 | 27.53 | 17.15 | 58.02 | 72.39 | 106.44 | 58.75 | 40.75 | 43.83 | |||
| Price to operating profit (P/OP) | 21.15 | 23.26 | 33.06 | 58.68 | 66.64 | — | 50.24 | 28.23 | 34.43 | 187.05 | 62.14 | 276.55 | 65.54 | 40.05 | 46.35 | |||
| Price to sales (P/S) | 3.21 | 3.44 | 11.33 | 12.04 | 20.39 | 28.09 | 11.20 | 12.60 | 9.98 | 15.94 | 8.93 | 23.49 | 14.24 | 11.13 | 12.15 | |||
| Price to book value (P/BV) | 8.81 | 7.89 | 13.31 | 35.68 | 24.49 | 37.25 | 9.89 | 11.51 | 60.73 | 24.75 | 5.22 | 27.63 | 13.53 | 14.65 | 17.52 | |||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31).
If the company price multiple is lower then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively undervalued.
Otherwise, if the company price multiple is higher then the price multiple of benchmark then company stock is relatively overvalued.
Historical Valuation Ratios (Summary)
International Business Machines Corp., historical price multiples
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | International Business Machines Corp. P/E ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly decreased from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | International Business Machines Corp. P/OP ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | International Business Machines Corp. P/S ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | International Business Machines Corp. P/BV ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Price to Earnings (P/E)
International Business Machines Corp., historical P/E calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 916,744,848 | 907,105,611 | 899,309,986 | 893,594,090 | 888,408,023 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Net income attributable to IBM (in millions) | 7,502) | 1,639) | 5,743) | 5,590) | 9,431) | |
| Earnings per share (EPS)2 | 8.18 | 1.81 | 6.39 | 6.26 | 10.62 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 184.13 | 129.30 | 123.92 | 120.71 | 141.71 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/E ratio4 | 22.50 | 71.56 | 19.40 | 19.30 | 13.35 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/E Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 27.81 | 22.93 | 36.58 | 28.32 | 24.58 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 49.64 | 33.15 | 48.90 | 41.69 | 57.17 | |
| Autodesk Inc. | 51.99 | 82.51 | 47.53 | 152.72 | — | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 78.64 | 59.70 | 53.88 | 62.89 | 20.22 | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 64.61 | 57.31 | 75.17 | 49.52 | 48.17 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 33.96 | 28.34 | 35.14 | 35.04 | 26.86 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 38.96 | 26.85 | 15.84 | 16.69 | 16.89 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 170.35 | — | — | — | — | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 879.57 | 135.68 | 48.20 | 1,204.70 | 107.70 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 90.80 | 284.28 | 487.70 | 978.47 | 106.89 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 70.08 | 51.76 | 73.37 | 55.92 | 39.55 | |
| P/E Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Software & Services | 39.01 | 33.75 | 36.39 | 36.61 | 27.87 | |
| P/E Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Information Technology | 35.72 | 27.05 | 29.26 | 31.09 | 22.67 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2023 Calculation
EPS = Net income attributable to IBM ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 7,502,000,000 ÷ 916,744,848 = 8.18
3 Closing price as at the filing date of International Business Machines Corp. Annual Report.
4 2023 Calculation
P/E ratio = Share price ÷ EPS
= 184.13 ÷ 8.18 = 22.50
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/E ratio | The P/E ratio tells analyst how much an investor in common stock pays per dollar of current earnings. | International Business Machines Corp. P/E ratio increased from 2021 to 2022 but then slightly decreased from 2022 to 2023 not reaching 2021 level. |
Price to Operating Profit (P/OP)
International Business Machines Corp., historical P/OP calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 916,744,848 | 907,105,611 | 899,309,986 | 893,594,090 | 888,408,023 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Operating income (in millions) | 9,382) | 8,174) | 6,865) | 6,786) | 10,543) | |
| Operating profit per share2 | 10.23 | 9.01 | 7.63 | 7.59 | 11.87 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 184.13 | 129.30 | 123.92 | 120.71 | 141.71 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/OP ratio4 | 17.99 | 14.35 | 16.23 | 15.90 | 11.94 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/OP Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 21.69 | 16.83 | 28.35 | 22.21 | 18.63 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 40.52 | 25.85 | 40.64 | 51.75 | 51.63 | |
| Autodesk Inc. | 43.26 | 66.40 | 91.28 | 95.51 | — | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 65.43 | 47.21 | 48.13 | 57.54 | 40.67 | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | — | — | — | — | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 49.04 | 46.05 | 62.00 | 41.56 | 40.45 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 27.76 | 24.72 | 30.79 | 29.30 | 24.54 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 25.30 | 16.51 | 14.31 | 12.17 | 13.83 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 193.40 | — | — | — | — | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 177.62 | 357.52 | 431.39 | 511.08 | 223.46 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 206.26 | 260.26 | 436.46 | 583.07 | 1,590.30 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 67.90 | 43.85 | 75.64 | 59.90 | 40.48 | |
| P/OP Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Software & Services | 31.28 | 26.79 | 32.94 | 30.46 | 25.14 | |
| P/OP Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Information Technology | 30.04 | 22.84 | 26.04 | 26.62 | 19.84 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2023 Calculation
Operating profit per share = Operating income ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 9,382,000,000 ÷ 916,744,848 = 10.23
3 Closing price as at the filing date of International Business Machines Corp. Annual Report.
4 2023 Calculation
P/OP ratio = Share price ÷ Operating profit per share
= 184.13 ÷ 10.23 = 17.99
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/OP ratio | Because P/E ratio is calculated using net income, the ratio can be sensitive to nonrecurring earnings and capital structure, analysts may use price to operating profit. | International Business Machines Corp. P/OP ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Price to Sales (P/S)
International Business Machines Corp., historical P/S calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 916,744,848 | 907,105,611 | 899,309,986 | 893,594,090 | 888,408,023 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Revenue (in millions) | 61,860) | 60,530) | 57,350) | 73,620) | 77,147) | |
| Sales per share2 | 67.48 | 66.73 | 63.77 | 82.39 | 86.84 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 184.13 | 129.30 | 123.92 | 120.71 | 141.71 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/S ratio4 | 2.73 | 1.94 | 1.94 | 1.47 | 1.63 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/S Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 2.98 | 2.56 | 4.28 | 3.26 | 2.72 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 13.88 | 8.95 | 14.94 | 17.04 | 15.11 | |
| Autodesk Inc. | 8.55 | 9.35 | 15.15 | 10.00 | 13.21 | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 20.02 | 14.23 | 12.55 | 13.85 | 8.56 | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 12.81 | 30.15 | 48.70 | 22.79 | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 10.72 | 9.30 | 16.09 | 11.78 | 11.05 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 11.60 | 10.40 | 12.81 | 10.85 | 8.38 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 6.63 | 4.25 | 5.38 | 4.33 | 4.74 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 10.87 | 9.62 | 10.72 | 6.66 | 7.06 | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 5.84 | 7.40 | 9.24 | 8.88 | 9.00 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 17.52 | 12.75 | 19.02 | 25.66 | 19.36 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 14.75 | 10.03 | 13.22 | 10.08 | 6.27 | |
| P/S Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Software & Services | 8.70 | 7.43 | 9.44 | 7.57 | 6.06 | |
| P/S Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Information Technology | 7.87 | 6.47 | 7.48 | 6.63 | 5.03 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2023 Calculation
Sales per share = Revenue ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 61,860,000,000 ÷ 916,744,848 = 67.48
3 Closing price as at the filing date of International Business Machines Corp. Annual Report.
4 2023 Calculation
P/S ratio = Share price ÷ Sales per share
= 184.13 ÷ 67.48 = 2.73
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/S ratio | An rationale for the P/S ratio is that sales, as the top line in an income statement, are generally less subject to distortion or manipulation than other fundamentals such as EPS or book value. Sales are also more stable than earnings and never negative. | International Business Machines Corp. P/S ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |
Price to Book Value (P/BV)
International Business Machines Corp., historical P/BV calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Dec 31, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 31, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. shares of common stock outstanding1 | 916,744,848 | 907,105,611 | 899,309,986 | 893,594,090 | 888,408,023 | |
| Selected Financial Data (US$) | ||||||
| Total IBM stockholders’ equity (in millions) | 22,533) | 21,944) | 18,901) | 20,597) | 20,841) | |
| Book value per share (BVPS)2 | 24.58 | 24.19 | 21.02 | 23.05 | 23.46 | |
| Share price1, 3 | 184.13 | 129.30 | 123.92 | 120.71 | 141.71 | |
| Valuation Ratio | ||||||
| P/BV ratio4 | 7.49 | 5.34 | 5.90 | 5.24 | 6.04 | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| P/BV Ratio, Competitors5 | ||||||
| Accenture PLC | 7.44 | 7.13 | 11.06 | 8.51 | 8.15 | |
| Adobe Inc. | 16.31 | 11.22 | 15.94 | 16.53 | 16.03 | |
| Autodesk Inc. | 37.37 | 48.29 | 59.48 | — | — | |
| Cadence Design Systems Inc. | 24.05 | 18.46 | 13.68 | 14.90 | 9.51 | |
| CrowdStrike Holdings Inc. | 19.61 | 42.67 | 48.91 | 14.78 | — | |
| Intuit Inc. | 8.92 | 7.20 | 15.71 | 17.71 | 20.00 | |
| Microsoft Corp. | 11.92 | 12.38 | 15.16 | 13.11 | 10.30 | |
| Oracle Corp. | 308.71 | — | 41.57 | 14.01 | 8.59 | |
| Palo Alto Networks Inc. | 42.84 | 251.98 | 71.88 | 20.61 | 12.91 | |
| Salesforce Inc. | 3.13 | 3.37 | 4.73 | 4.48 | 7.66 | |
| ServiceNow Inc. | 20.60 | 18.36 | 30.36 | 40.91 | 31.48 | |
| Synopsys Inc. | 14.02 | 9.24 | 10.50 | 7.57 | 5.16 | |
| P/BV Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Software & Services | 11.45 | 10.77 | 13.67 | 11.59 | 10.11 | |
| P/BV Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Information Technology | 11.35 | 10.37 | 12.38 | 10.90 | 8.28 | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-31).
1 Data adjusted for splits and stock dividends.
2 2023 Calculation
BVPS = Total IBM stockholders’ equity ÷ No. shares of common stock outstanding
= 22,533,000,000 ÷ 916,744,848 = 24.58
3 Closing price as at the filing date of International Business Machines Corp. Annual Report.
4 2023 Calculation
P/BV ratio = Share price ÷ BVPS
= 184.13 ÷ 24.58 = 7.49
5 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Valuation ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| P/BV ratio | The P/BV ratio is interpreted as an indicator of market judgment about the relationship between a company required rate of return and its actual rate of return. | International Business Machines Corp. P/BV ratio decreased from 2021 to 2022 but then increased from 2022 to 2023 exceeding 2021 level. |