Financial Reporting Quality: Aggregate Accruals
Earnings can be decomposed into cash and accrual components. The accrual component (aggregate accruals) has been found to have less persistence than the cash component, and therefore (1) earnings with higher accrual component are less persistent than earnings with smaller accrual component, all else equal; and (2) the cash component of earnings should receive a higher weighting evaluating company performance.
Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio
Kellanova, balance sheet computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 30, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 28, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating Assets | ||||||
| Total assets | 15,621) | 18,496) | 18,178) | 17,996) | 17,564) | |
| Less: Cash and cash equivalents | 274) | 299) | 286) | 435) | 397) | |
| Operating assets | 15,347) | 18,197) | 17,892) | 17,561) | 17,167) | |
| Operating Liabilities | ||||||
| Total liabilities | 12,252) | 14,121) | 13,963) | 14,360) | 14,250) | |
| Less: Current maturities of long-term debt | 663) | 780) | 712) | 627) | 620) | |
| Less: Notes payable | 121) | 467) | 137) | 102) | 107) | |
| Less: Long-term debt, excluding current maturities | 5,089) | 5,317) | 6,262) | 6,746) | 7,195) | |
| Operating liabilities | 6,379) | 7,557) | 6,852) | 6,885) | 6,328) | |
| Net operating assets1 | 8,968) | 10,640) | 11,040) | 10,676) | 10,839) | |
| Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals2 | (1,672) | (400) | 364) | (163) | —) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio3 | -17.05% | -3.69% | 3.35% | -1.52% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors4 | ||||||
| Altria Group Inc. | 1.75% | -15.59% | -22.67% | -16.03% | — | |
| Coca-Cola Co. | 4.65% | -3.05% | 3.39% | 0.90% | — | |
| PepsiCo Inc. | 3.36% | 0.98% | 4.76% | 15.56% | — | |
| Philip Morris International Inc. | 5.21% | 75.98% | 10.28% | -6.81% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 2.79% | 8.59% | 0.28% | 1.00% | — | |
| Balance-Sheet-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Consumer Staples | 2.85% | 6.03% | -1.57% | -0.90% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-28).
1 2023 Calculation
Net operating assets = Operating assets – Operating liabilities
= 15,347 – 6,379 = 8,968
2 2023 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals = Net operating assets2023 – Net operating assets2022
= 8,968 – 10,640 = -1,672
3 2023 Calculation
Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio = 100 × Balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -1,672 ÷ [(8,968 + 10,640) ÷ 2] = -17.05%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Balance-sheet-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing balance-sheet-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the balance-sheet-based accruals ratio, Kellanova deteriorated earnings quality from 2022 to 2023. |
Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio
Kellanova, cash flow statement computation of aggregate accruals
US$ in millions
| Dec 30, 2023 | Dec 31, 2022 | Dec 31, 2021 | Dec 31, 2020 | Dec 28, 2019 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Net income attributable to Kellanova | 951) | 960) | 1,488) | 1,251) | 960) | |
| Less: Net cash provided by operating activities | 1,645) | 1,651) | 1,701) | 1,986) | 1,176) | |
| Less: Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities | (562) | (448) | (528) | (585) | 774) | |
| Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals | (132) | (243) | 315) | (150) | (990) | |
| Financial Ratio | ||||||
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio1 | -1.35% | -2.24% | 2.90% | -1.39% | — | |
| Benchmarks | ||||||
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Competitors2 | ||||||
| Altria Group Inc. | 0.67% | -16.12% | -28.92% | -12.63% | — | |
| Coca-Cola Co. | 4.51% | -1.32% | -0.16% | -1.17% | — | |
| PepsiCo Inc. | 2.17% | 1.04% | -1.48% | 18.19% | — | |
| Philip Morris International Inc. | 6.40% | 57.17% | -3.48% | -4.27% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Sector | ||||||
| Food, Beverage & Tobacco | 3.41% | 6.37% | -5.31% | 1.96% | — | |
| Cash-Flow-Statement-Based Accruals Ratio, Industry | ||||||
| Consumer Staples | 3.00% | 3.12% | -6.86% | -1.97% | — | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-12-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2020-12-31), 10-K (reporting date: 2019-12-28).
1 2023 Calculation
Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio = 100 × Cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals ÷ Avg. net operating assets
= 100 × -132 ÷ [(8,968 + 10,640) ÷ 2] = -1.35%
2 Click competitor name to see calculations.
| Financial ratio | Description | The company |
|---|---|---|
| Cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio | Ratio is found by dividing cash-flow-statement-based aggregate accruals by average net operating assets. | Using the cash-flow-statement-based accruals ratio, Kellanova improved earnings quality from 2022 to 2023. |