Economic Value Added (EVA)
EVA is registered trademark of Stern Stewart.
Economic value added or economic profit is the difference between revenues and costs,where costs include not only expenses, but also cost of capital.
Economic Profit
Lam Research Corp., economic profit calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 NOPAT. See details »
2 Cost of capital. See details »
3 Invested capital. See details »
4 2026 Calculation
Economic profit = NOPAT – Cost of capital × Invested capital
= 6,736,884 – 26.07% × 17,887,594 = 2,072,844
The economic profit trajectory exhibits significant volatility over the analyzed period, characterized by a period of contraction followed by a robust recovery. While invested capital has expanded steadily, the ability to generate value above the cost of capital has fluctuated in alignment with operating performance.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) Trends
- Operating profitability experienced a cyclical pattern, peaking in June 2022 at 5.63 billion USD before declining to a low of 3.26 billion USD in June 2024. A substantial recovery is observed in the subsequent two years, with NOPAT rising to 6.11 billion USD in 2025 and reaching 6.74 billion USD by June 2026.
- Cost of Capital and Invested Capital Dynamics
- The cost of capital has maintained a steady upward trend, increasing from 24.75% in 2021 to 26.07% in 2026. Concurrently, invested capital grew from 12.26 billion USD to 17.89 billion USD over the same period. This combination suggests an increasing financial hurdle for the organization, as more capital is deployed at a higher cost of funding.
- Economic Profit Analysis
- Economic profit fluctuated sharply, reaching a peak of 2.30 billion USD in 2022 before plummeting to a negative value of -496.56 million USD in 2024. This deficit indicates a period where the return on invested capital failed to cover the cost of capital. However, a strong rebound occurred in 2025 and 2026, with economic profit returning to 1.93 billion USD and 2.07 billion USD, respectively.
- Value Creation Correlation
- The transition into negative economic profit in 2024 was driven by the convergence of declining NOPAT and a rising cost of capital. The subsequent return to positive economic profit underscores a significant improvement in operational efficiency or market demand, allowing NOPAT growth to outpace the combined effects of a larger capital base and an increased cost of capital.
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Net Operating Profit after Taxes (NOPAT)
Lam Research Corp., NOPAT calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 Elimination of deferred tax expense. See details »
2 Addition of increase (decrease) in allowance.
3 Addition of increase (decrease) in deferred revenue.
4 Addition of increase (decrease) in product warranty reserves.
5 Addition of increase (decrease) in restructuring liability.
6 Addition of increase (decrease) in equity equivalents to net income.
7 2026 Calculation
Interest expense on capitalized operating leases = Operating lease liability × Discount rate
= 387,002 × 4.20% = 16,254
8 2026 Calculation
Tax benefit of interest expense = Adjusted interest expense × Statutory income tax rate
= 173,138 × 21.00% = 36,359
9 Addition of after taxes interest expense to net income.
10 2026 Calculation
Tax expense (benefit) of investment income = Investment income, before tax × Statutory income tax rate
= 196,189 × 21.00% = 41,200
11 Elimination of after taxes investment income.
The financial performance from June 2021 through June 2026 is characterized by a period of mid-term volatility followed by a significant acceleration in profitability. Both Net Income and Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) exhibit a synchronized trajectory, although the magnitude of fluctuations varies between the two metrics.
- Net Operating Profit After Taxes (NOPAT) Trends
- NOPAT experienced an initial increase from 4.55 billion USD in 2021 to a peak of 5.63 billion USD in 2022. This was followed by a sustained decline over two years, reaching a trough of 3.26 billion USD in 2024. A sharp recovery occurred in 2025, with NOPAT rising to 6.11 billion USD, and continuing upward to 6.74 billion USD by June 2026.
- Net Income Trajectory
- Net Income followed a similar pattern but displayed slightly more stability during the downturn. After rising to 4.61 billion USD in 2022, Net Income decreased more gradually than NOPAT, bottoming out at 3.83 billion USD in 2024. The subsequent growth phase was more aggressive, with Net Income surging to 5.36 billion USD in 2025 and reaching 7.27 billion USD in 2026.
- Comparative Analysis of Operating and Bottom-Line Profitability
- Between 2021 and 2022, NOPAT consistently exceeded Net Income, suggesting that operating performance was the primary driver of value. However, during the 2023-2024 contraction, NOPAT declined more severely than Net Income, indicating a sharper compression in core operating profitability relative to overall net earnings. By 2026, a reversal is observed where Net Income exceeds NOPAT, reflecting a shift in the composition of earnings or the impact of non-operating items.
The data indicates a strong recovery in the final two years of the period, with the 2026 projections for both Net Income and NOPAT significantly exceeding the highs recorded in 2022. This suggests a substantial expansion in both operating efficiency and overall profitability.
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Cash Operating Taxes
Lam Research Corp., cash operating taxes calculation
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
An analysis of tax obligations over the six-year period reveals a general upward trajectory, characterized by moderate volatility in the mid-term and a significant escalation in the final two years. A consistent pattern is observed where actual cash operating taxes exceed the provision for income taxes, indicating a higher immediate cash outflow for tax purposes than the periodic accounting charge.
- Provision for Income Taxes
- The provision for income taxes grew from 462,346 thousand in June 2021 to a peak of 598,279 thousand in June 2023. A contraction followed in June 2024, where the provision decreased to 532,450 thousand. However, this was followed by a recovery to 599,912 thousand in June 2025 and a sharp increase to 997,077 thousand by June 2026, representing a substantial rise in recognized tax expenses toward the end of the period.
- Cash Operating Taxes
- Cash operating taxes exhibited higher volatility, starting at 654,450 thousand in June 2021 and peaking early in June 2022 at 882,564 thousand. A downward trend was observed over the next two years, with values declining to 782,173 thousand in 2023 and 717,911 thousand in 2024. This decline was reversed aggressively starting in June 2025, with payments rising to 954,147 thousand and reaching a period high of 1,281,297 thousand in June 2026.
- Analysis of Variance and Trends
- A persistent gap exists between cash operating taxes and income tax provisions. While both metrics trended lower between 2022 and 2024, the acceleration in 2025 and 2026 was more pronounced for cash payments. By June 2026, the variance between the cash operating taxes and the provision for income taxes reached its widest point, with cash payments exceeding provisions by 284,220 thousand.
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Invested Capital
Lam Research Corp., invested capital calculation (financing approach)
US$ in thousands
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 Addition of capitalized operating leases.
2 Elimination of deferred taxes from assets and liabilities. See details »
3 Addition of allowance for doubtful accounts receivable.
4 Addition of deferred revenue.
5 Addition of product warranty reserves.
6 Addition of restructuring liability.
7 Addition of equity equivalents to stockholders’ equity.
8 Removal of accumulated other comprehensive income.
The analysis of the capital structure from June 2021 to June 2026 reveals a consistent expansion of the total invested capital base, which grew from US$ 12.26 billion to US$ 17.89 billion. While the overall trajectory is upward, the composition of this capital has undergone a significant shift, moving from a balanced reliance on debt and equity toward a predominantly equity-funded structure.
- Invested Capital Trends
- Invested capital exhibited a steady increase for most of the period, with a marginal contraction observed between June 2023 and June 2024, where values shifted from US$ 14.99 billion to US$ 14.84 billion. Following this brief stabilization, growth resumed aggressively, reaching a peak of US$ 17.89 billion by June 2026. This represents a total increase of approximately 45.8% over the six-year period.
- Stockholders’ Equity Growth
- Stockholders' equity has been the primary driver of the increase in invested capital. A sustained upward trend is evident, with equity rising from US$ 6.03 billion in 2021 to US$ 12.47 billion in 2026. Notable accelerations occurred between 2022 and 2023 and again between 2025 and 2026, indicating strong internal capital accumulation or significant equity infusions.
- Debt and Lease Obligations
- Total reported debt and leases remained relatively stagnant between 2021 and 2024, fluctuating within a narrow range around US$ 5.2 billion. However, a distinct downward trend emerged starting in June 2025, with debt levels falling to US$ 4.76 billion and further decreasing to US$ 4.12 billion by June 2026. This suggests a strategic shift toward deleveraging in the latter part of the analyzed period.
- Capital Composition Analysis
- The relationship between debt and equity has inverted over the analyzed timeframe. In 2021, debt and equity contributed more equally to the invested capital. By 2026, stockholders' equity accounted for the vast majority of the invested capital, while the relative contribution of debt diminished. This transition indicates a reduction in financial leverage and an increase in the company's equity cushion.
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Cost of Capital
Lam Research Corp., cost of capital calculations
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 389,598,793) | 389,598,793) | ÷ | 393,159,880) | = | 0.99 | 0.99 | × | 26.29% | = | 26.05% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 3,174,085) | 3,174,085) | ÷ | 393,159,880) | = | 0.01 | 0.01 | × | 3.49% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.02% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 387,002) | 387,002) | ÷ | 393,159,880) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 4.20% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 393,159,880) | 1.00 | 26.07% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 129,093,342) | 129,093,342) | ÷ | 133,257,422) | = | 0.97 | 0.97 | × | 26.29% | = | 25.47% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 3,892,030) | 3,892,030) | ÷ | 133,257,422) | = | 0.03 | 0.03 | × | 3.55% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.08% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 272,050) | 272,050) | ÷ | 133,257,422) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.75% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 133,257,422) | 1.00 | 25.55% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 103,550,135) | 103,550,135) | ÷ | 108,165,592) | = | 0.96 | 0.96 | × | 26.29% | = | 25.17% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 4,327,741) | 4,327,741) | ÷ | 108,165,592) | = | 0.04 | 0.04 | × | 3.58% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.11% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 287,716) | 287,716) | ÷ | 108,165,592) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.54% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 108,165,592) | 1.00 | 25.29% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 86,901,174) | 86,901,174) | ÷ | 91,594,946) | = | 0.95 | 0.95 | × | 26.29% | = | 24.94% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 4,456,204) | 4,456,204) | ÷ | 91,594,946) | = | 0.05 | 0.05 | × | 3.57% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.14% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 237,568) | 237,568) | ÷ | 91,594,946) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.80% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 91,594,946) | 1.00 | 25.08% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 63,425,348) | 63,425,348) | ÷ | 68,216,146) | = | 0.93 | 0.93 | × | 26.29% | = | 24.44% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 4,572,075) | 4,572,075) | ÷ | 68,216,146) | = | 0.07 | 0.07 | × | 3.57% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.19% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 218,723) | 218,723) | ÷ | 68,216,146) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 3.05% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.01% | ||
| Total: | 68,216,146) | 1.00 | 24.64% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
| Capital (fair value)1 | Weights | Cost of capital | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Equity2 | 82,191,181) | 82,191,181) | ÷ | 87,955,709) | = | 0.93 | 0.93 | × | 26.29% | = | 24.56% | ||
| Long-term debt and finance lease obligations3 | 5,600,833) | 5,600,833) | ÷ | 87,955,709) | = | 0.06 | 0.06 | × | 3.57% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.18% | ||
| Operating lease liability4 | 163,695) | 163,695) | ÷ | 87,955,709) | = | 0.00 | 0.00 | × | 2.30% × (1 – 21.00%) | = | 0.00% | ||
| Total: | 87,955,709) | 1.00 | 24.75% | ||||||||||
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 US$ in thousands
2 Equity. See details »
3 Long-term debt and finance lease obligations. See details »
4 Operating lease liability. See details »
Economic Spread Ratio
Lam Research Corp., economic spread ratio calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jun 28, 2026 | Jun 29, 2025 | Jun 30, 2024 | Jun 25, 2023 | Jun 26, 2022 | Jun 27, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | 2,072,844) | 1,925,555) | (496,557) | 302,435) | 2,303,261) | 1,518,359) | |
| Invested capital2 | 17,887,594) | 16,358,579) | 14,840,667) | 14,985,787) | 13,512,167) | 12,264,919) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic spread ratio3 | 11.59% | 11.77% | -3.35% | 2.02% | 17.05% | 12.38% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Spread Ratio, Competitors4 | |||||||
| Advanced Micro Devices Inc. | — | -21.59% | -27.86% | -29.29% | -28.90% | 27.67% | |
| Analog Devices Inc. | — | -12.12% | -14.24% | -10.15% | -11.51% | -14.75% | |
| Applied Materials Inc. | — | 16.96% | 10.06% | 13.05% | 23.03% | 18.51% | |
| Broadcom Inc. | — | -3.06% | -10.48% | 4.75% | 3.50% | -5.73% | |
| Intel Corp. | — | -18.82% | -30.12% | -20.02% | -13.23% | 3.35% | |
| KLA Corp. | 27.46% | 20.36% | 16.01% | 19.95% | 22.36% | 10.81% | |
| Micron Technology Inc. | — | -5.94% | -17.84% | -29.79% | -2.16% | -6.77% | |
| NVIDIA Corp. | 85.95% | 117.04% | 61.59% | -16.49% | 25.71% | 6.18% | |
| Qualcomm Inc. | — | 12.33% | 7.54% | 0.07% | 26.51% | 23.91% | |
| Texas Instruments Inc. | — | 2.33% | 2.64% | 12.26% | 32.84% | 31.47% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 Invested capital. See details »
3 2026 Calculation
Economic spread ratio = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Invested capital
= 100 × 2,072,844 ÷ 17,887,594 = 11.59%
4 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The financial performance exhibits a cyclical trend characterized by a period of significant value creation, a sharp contraction into negative territory, and a subsequent recovery. The fluctuations in economic profit and the economic spread ratio indicate a period of high volatility between 2022 and 2024, followed by a return to positive value generation in the final two periods.
- Economic Profit Trends
- Economic profit experienced a peak in June 2022 at 2,303,261 thousand US$, representing a substantial increase from the previous year. This was followed by a precipitous decline, with profit falling to 302,435 thousand US$ in 2023 and becoming negative in June 2024, reaching -496,557 thousand US$. A strong recovery is observed starting in 2025, with profit returning to 1,925,555 thousand US$ and continuing to rise to 2,072,844 thousand US$ by June 2026.
- Invested Capital Growth
- Invested capital demonstrates a consistent upward trajectory over the analyzed period. Starting at 12,264,919 thousand US$ in 2021, the capital base grew steadily, reaching a peak of 17,887,594 thousand US$ by June 2026. A minor contraction occurred in June 2024, where capital slightly decreased to 14,840,667 thousand US$, but this trend reversed immediately in the following years.
- Economic Spread Ratio Analysis
- The economic spread ratio mirrors the volatility of economic profit, reflecting the efficiency of capital utilization relative to the cost of capital. The ratio rose from 12.38% in 2021 to a peak of 17.05% in 2022. A severe erosion of the spread followed, dropping to 2.02% in 2023 and reaching a low of -3.35% in 2024, indicating that the returns on invested capital failed to cover the cost of capital during that period. The ratio rebounded significantly to 11.77% in 2025 and remained relatively stable at 11.59% in 2026.
The overall analysis indicates that while the capital base has expanded significantly, the ability to generate economic value has been subject to extreme variance. The recovery observed in 2025 and 2026 suggests a restoration of operational efficiency and a return to a sustainable spread above the cost of capital.
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Economic Profit Margin
Lam Research Corp., economic profit margin calculation, comparison to benchmarks
| Jun 28, 2026 | Jun 29, 2025 | Jun 30, 2024 | Jun 25, 2023 | Jun 26, 2022 | Jun 27, 2021 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Selected Financial Data (US$ in thousands) | |||||||
| Economic profit1 | 2,072,844) | 1,925,555) | (496,557) | 302,435) | 2,303,261) | 1,518,359) | |
| Revenue | 23,232,690) | 18,435,591) | 14,905,386) | 17,428,516) | 17,227,039) | 14,626,150) | |
| Add: Increase (decrease) in deferred revenue | (247,063) | 1,129,463) | (286,311) | (360,193) | 1,079,292) | 581,380) | |
| Adjusted revenue | 22,985,627) | 19,565,054) | 14,619,075) | 17,068,323) | 18,306,331) | 15,207,530) | |
| Performance Ratio | |||||||
| Economic profit margin2 | 9.02% | 9.84% | -3.40% | 1.77% | 12.58% | 9.98% | |
| Benchmarks | |||||||
| Economic Profit Margin, Competitors3 | |||||||
| Advanced Micro Devices Inc. | — | -38.49% | -62.91% | -74.75% | -71.67% | 10.43% | |
| Analog Devices Inc. | — | -46.26% | -65.74% | -36.44% | -43.15% | -94.78% | |
| Applied Materials Inc. | — | 12.03% | 7.00% | 8.75% | 13.30% | 11.81% | |
| Broadcom Inc. | — | -7.20% | -28.65% | 8.31% | 6.55% | -13.49% | |
| Intel Corp. | — | -41.51% | -52.35% | -34.00% | -18.61% | 3.75% | |
| KLA Corp. | 20.74% | 15.57% | 13.74% | 15.85% | 18.90% | 10.66% | |
| Micron Technology Inc. | — | -9.72% | -37.89% | -102.50% | -3.70% | -11.32% | |
| NVIDIA Corp. | 41.63% | 42.39% | 31.10% | -13.05% | 17.23% | 4.83% | |
| Qualcomm Inc. | — | 8.71% | 5.98% | 0.06% | 17.66% | 14.40% | |
| Texas Instruments Inc. | — | 3.76% | 4.42% | 15.81% | 28.80% | 28.15% | |
Based on: 10-K (reporting date: 2026-06-28), 10-K (reporting date: 2025-06-29), 10-K (reporting date: 2024-06-30), 10-K (reporting date: 2023-06-25), 10-K (reporting date: 2022-06-26), 10-K (reporting date: 2021-06-27).
1 Economic profit. See details »
2 2026 Calculation
Economic profit margin = 100 × Economic profit ÷ Adjusted revenue
= 100 × 2,072,844 ÷ 22,985,627 = 9.02%
3 Click competitor name to see calculations.
The analysis of economic value creation reveals a cyclical performance pattern characterized by a period of peak efficiency, a sharp contraction resulting in value destruction, and a subsequent recovery phase.
- Economic Profit Volatility
- Economic profit exhibited significant fluctuations, rising from US$ 1.52 billion in 2021 to a peak of US$ 2.30 billion in 2022. A severe downturn followed, with a precipitous drop to US$ 302 million in 2023 and a transition into negative territory in 2024, reaching US$ -496 million. A strong recovery is observed in the final two years, with economic profit returning to US$ 1.93 billion in 2025 and US$ 2.07 billion in 2026.
- Adjusted Revenue Correlation
- Revenue trends mirrored the trajectory of economic profit, growing from US$ 15.21 billion in 2021 to US$ 18.31 billion in 2022. A decline occurred over the following two years, bottoming at US$ 14.62 billion in 2024. The subsequent recovery was robust, with revenue expanding to US$ 19.57 billion in 2025 and reaching a period high of US$ 22.99 billion by June 2026.
- Economic Profit Margin Dynamics
- The economic profit margin reached its maximum of 12.58% in 2022, signaling a period of high value addition relative to the cost of capital. This was followed by a sharp compression to 1.77% in 2023 and a deficit of -3.40% in 2024, indicating that the company failed to cover its cost of capital during this interval. While the margin rebounded to 9.84% in 2025, a slight decline to 9.02% is noted in 2026, suggesting that while absolute economic profit is increasing, the rate of value creation is not keeping pace with the growth in adjusted revenue.
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